Abstract
Achievements and perspectives in cloned and transgenic cattle production by nuclear transfer: influence of cell type, epigenetic status and new technology
Highlights
Commercial and scientific interest in transgenic animal production has grown worldwide
This review (i) presents a brief history of the cell types used in cloning and transgenic cattle production, (ii) addresses the epigenetic issues that may affect transgenic and cloning cattle production efficiency and (iii) describes current strategies, such as chromatinmodifying agents (CMA), iPS cells and endonucleases as means to innovate and improve results
The term “transgenic” refers to an organism whose genome was permanently altered by insertion, modification or inactivation of DNA, with the genetic modification being transmitted to its offspring (Rülicke et al, 2007)
Summary
Commercial and scientific interest in transgenic animal production has grown worldwide. Nuclear reprogramming by NT was reported possible using embryonic cells (blastomeres) as nuclear donors for both laboratory and farm animals (Illmensee and Hoppe, 1981; Willadsen, 1986), and it was believed that pluripotent cells were responsible for nuclear reprogramming success and proper embryo development (McGrath and Solter, 1983; Prather et al, 1987). NT uses different cells types, the influence of the cellular differentiation stage on both cloning and transgene integration efficiency are of interest This relationship is not well-defined, and more studies are needed to fully understand it; it is clear that epigenetic factors are involved, affecting primarily post-nuclear transfer reprogramming efficiency (Smith et al, 2012, 2015). This review (i) presents a brief history of the cell types used in cloning and transgenic cattle production, (ii) addresses the epigenetic issues that may affect transgenic and cloning cattle production efficiency and (iii) describes current strategies, such as chromatinmodifying agents (CMA), iPS cells and endonucleases as means to innovate and improve results
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