Accuracy comparative study of automatic landmarking and diagnostic models on lateral cephalograms.

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are engineered systems with built-in seamless integration of physical and cyber components. Fundamental developments in sensing, communication, control, and computing technologies endow CPS with flexibility, adaptability, scalability, and robustness. The availability and size of input-output data generated along with the control of CPS bring a unique opportunity for machine learning techniques to advance the theory of dynamical control systems, by learning control rules directly from data. Integration of input-output data into adaptive, robust, predictive, and distributed control policies holds the key to exploiting the potential of learning and optimisation in the CPS designs. There are several challenges related to sampling, transmission, synchronization, as well as associated cyber security when merging contemporary data-based and traditional model-based control techniques for CPS. The overarching goal of this special issue is to bring together innovative developments on the interface between learning, control, and optimisation targeting cyber-physical opportunities emerging from power, transportation, and manufacturing systems. Through a rigorous peer review process, three articles have been accepted, which are summarised below. In the study, "Learning-based distributed adaptive control of heterogeneous multi-agent systems with unknown leader dynamics", the authors develop a distributed adaptive tracking control method for heterogeneous multi-agent systems with unknown leader dynamics in a directed graph. In contrast to the reported leader-following consensus studies, the prior knowledge of the leader is supposed to be cognised by some or all of the followers, the situation that the leader's dynamics are totally unrecognised but can be learned for each individual follower is considered. A data-driven learning algorithm using the system's data is developed to reconstruct the unknown systems matrix. Then, an adaptive distributed dynamic compensator is exploited to provide the leader's state estimation in a directed graph. Afterwards, a dynamic output feedback control law for each agent is projected. Theoretical analysis shows that the proposed algorithms not only ensure that all followers can identify the unknown system matrix but also guarantee that the distributed output leader-following consensus control with heterogeneous dynamics is achieved without any global information. In the study, "Sampled-data synchronisation of singular Markovian jump system (SMJS): application to a DC motor model", the authors consider the sampled-data synchronisation problem for SMJSs subject to aperiodic sampled-data control. Firstly, by constructing mode-dependent one-sided loop-based Lyapunov functional (LBLF) and two-sided LBLF, two different stochastically admissible conditions are suggested for error SMJSs with aperiodic sampled-data. It is guaranteed that the slave system is stochastically synchronised to the master system on the basis of the proposed stochastically admissible conditions. Secondly, two corresponding mode-dependent aperiodic sampled-data controller design approaches are provided for error SMJSs based on two different conditions, respectively. Finally, the validity of these approaches is demonstrated by a DC motor model. It also demonstrated that the two-sided LBLF method possesses a larger upper bound of the sampling period than the one-sided LBLF method. In the study, "Predefined-time distributed event-triggered algorithms for resource allocation", the authors propose a predefined-time distributed algorithm and analyse its convergence by using the Lyapunov stability theory in which the local constraint is ensured by a differential projection operator. Thus, a predefined time is obtained using a time-varying time-based generator. In addition, to reduce the communication consumption between agents, the authors develop a static as well as a dynamic-based event-triggered control scheme, where the information broadcast only occurs at some discrete time instants. Moreover, the three proposed algorithms converge precisely to the global optimal solution. Besides, the Zeno behaviour is excluded in the above static and dynamic event-triggered mechanisms. The guest editors would like to thank the Editor-in-Chief of the IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications, Prof. Shiyan Hu, and the Editorial Office for their great support of our special issue. In addition, we thank all the authors who submitted their quality papers to this special issue, and special thanks go to all anonymous reviewers for their great efforts and time to accomplish their review tasks. Data sharing not applicable. Jian Sun is currently a professor at Beijing Institute of Technology, China. He received the bachelor's degree from the Department of Automation and Electric Engineering, Jilin Institute of Technology, Changchun, China, in 2001, the master's degree from the Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, in 2004, and the Ph.D. degree from the Institute of Automation, CAS, Beijing, China, in 2007. He was a Research Fellow with the Faculty of Advanced Technology, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, U.K., from 2008 to 2009. He was a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, from 2007 to 2010. In 2010, he joined the School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, where he has been a Professor since 2013. His current research interests include networked control systems, time-delay systems, and security of cyber-physical systems. He is also an Editorial Board Member of the IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, the Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, and Acta Automatica Sinica. Qing-Long Han is Pro Vice-Chancellor (Research Quality) and a Distinguished Professor at Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. He held various academic and management positions at Griffith University and Central Queensland University, Australia. He received the Ph.D. degree in Control Engineering from East China University of Science and Technology in 1997. He has been conducting research in the areas of networked control systems, cyber physical systems, time-delay systems, multi-agent systems, smart grids, offshore structure, unmanned surface vehicles, cyber security, and neural networks. Since 2001, as of 12 August 2021, he has authored or co-authored three hundred and thirty-nine (339) fully-refereed high quality journal articles including one hundred and seventy-six (176) articles in the most prestigious IEEE Transactions, and thirty-seven (37) articles in Automatica. He has also authored or co-authored one hundred and eighty-four (184) international leading conference papers, five (5) monographs, one (1) research-based book chapter, and edited four (4) conference proceedings and ten (10) special issues. His research work has been cited 32,886 times with an h-index of 102, an i10-index of 296 according to Google Scholar. He is a Highly Cited Researcher in the Essential Science Indicator (ESI) field of Engineering (2014–2017), in the ESI Cross-Field (2018) and in both the ESI fields of Engineering and Computer Science (2019–2020) by Clarivate Analytics (Thomson Reuters). He is one of Australia's Top 5 Lifetime Achievers (Research Superstars) in the discipline area of Engineering and Computer Science by The Australian's Research Magazine (2019-2020). He is one of Australia's Top 5 Researchers in Computer Science and Electronics by Guide2Research. He was the recipient of The 2021 M. A. Sargent Medal (the Highest Award of the Electrical College Board of Engineers Australia), The 2020 IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC) Society Andrew P. Sage Best Transactions Paper Award, The 2020 IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics Outstanding Paper Award, and The 2019 IEEE SMC Society Andrew P. Sage Best Transactions Paper Award. He was the recipient of The 2020 IEEE SMC Society Best Associate Editor Award and The 2020 IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica Outstanding Associate Editor Award. Professor Han is a Member of the Academia Europaea (The Academy of Europe). He is a Fellow of The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and a Fellow of The Institution of Engineers Australia. He has served as an AdCom Member of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IES), a Member of IEEE IES Fellows Committee, and Chair of IEEE IES Technical Committee on Network-based Control Systems. He has served as Co-Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics (2022–2024), Co-Editor of Australian Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, an Associate Editor for 12 international journals including IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, Control Engineering Practice, Information Sciences, and a Guest Editor for 13 Special Issues. Guo-Ping Liu is currently a chair professor with the Southern University of Science and Technology, China. He received the BEng and MEng degrees from Central South University of Technology (now Central South University, China) in 1982 and 1985, respectively, and the PhD degree from University of Manchester in the UK in 1992. He did the postdoctoral research in the University of York in 1992–1993. He worked as a research fellow with the University of Sheffield in 1994-1996. During 1996–2000, he was a senior engineer with GEC-Alsthom and ALSTOM, and then a principal engineer and a project leader with ABB ALSTOM Power. He was a senior lecturer with the University of Nottingham in 2000–2003, a visiting professor with the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2001-2005 and with the Harbin Institute of Technology in 2008–2013, and a professor with the University of South Wales in 2004–2019 and with Wuhan University in 2019–2021. Prof Liu's research interests include networked control systems, multi-objective optimal control, nonlinear identification and control, and industrial advanced control applications. He has completed more than 70 research projects as a principal investigator. He is an author of 10 books, 2 edited books, over 330 journal papers and 320 conference papers, and has 14 patents, 34 software copyrights and 2 software products. He was awarded the Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship in 1992. He was named a Highly Cited Researcher by Thomson Reuters in 2014 and 2015, by Clarivate Analytics in 2016–2018, and by Elsevier in 2014–2020. He received the second prize of Chinese National Science and Technology Awards in 2008 and 2015. Prof. Liu was the general chair of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, the 2011 International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing, and the 2012 UKACC International Conference on Control. He has served as an Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Automation and Computing in 2004–2021 and an Honorary Editor-in-Chief of the journal "Advances in Internet of Things" since 2011. He is a Fellow of IEEE, a Fellow of IET and a member of the Academy of Europe. Yajun Pan is currently a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Dalhousie University, Canada. She received the B.E. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Yanshan University, P.R. China, in 1996, the M.E. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Zhejiang University, P.R. China, in 1999 and the Ph.D degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the National University of Singapore, in 2003. After receiving the Ph.D. degree, she was a post-doctoral fellow of CNRS in the Laboratoire d'Automatique de Grenoble, France from 2003 to 2004. In 2004, she held post-doctoral position in the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Alberta, Canada. She is currently an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (2019 Present), IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics (2016-Present), and IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics (2015–2020). She has been the Associate Editor for the Journal of Franklin Institute (2007–2013), International Journal of Advanced Robotics Systems (2014–2018), and the International Journal of Information and Systems Sciences (2009–2017). She is the Editor of the special issue on Advances in Methods for Control over Networks for the Journal of Control Science and Engineering; and the guest editor for the special issue in Advanced Modelling and Control of Complex Mechatronic Systems with Nonlinearity and Uncertainty for IEEE Access (2017–2018). She is a Fellow of Engineering Institute of Canada (FEIC - 2021), a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME - 2017), a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a member of Canadian Society of Mechanical Engineering (CSME) and a Registered Professional Engineer in the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. Dr. Pan was awarded the Research Excellence Award (Junior Category, Academic Year of 2008–2009) in the Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University. She has served as the evaluation group member for NSERC Discovery Grant (2017–2020) and also the selection committee member for NSERC RTI grant in 2016–2017. She has served as the Vice-President, Atlantic Region, for Canadian Society of Mechanical Engineering (CSME) from 2018–2020. Tao Yang is a Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries, Northeastern University. He was an Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, USA, from 2016–2019. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Washington State University in 2012. Between August 2012 and August 2014, he was an ACCESS Post-Doctoral Researcher with the ACCESS Linnaeus Centre, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden. He then joined the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory as a postdoc, and was promoted to Scientist/Engineer II in 2015. His research interests include industrial artificial intelligence, integrated optimization and control, distributed control and optimization with applications to process industries, cyber physical systems, and networked control systems. He is an Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology and IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica. He currently is a member of the Technical Committee on Nonlinear Systems and Control, the Technical Committee on Networks and Communication Systems, and the Technical Committee on Smart Grids of the IEEE Control Systems Society, a member of the IEEE Control Systems Society Conference Editorial Board, and a member of the IFAC Technical Committee on Large Scale Complex Systems. He received Ralph E. Powe Junior Faculty Enhancement Award and Best Student Paper award (as an advisor) of the 14th IEEE International Conference on Control & Automation in 2018. Jiahu Qin is currently a Professor with the Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. He received the first Ph.D. degree in control science and engineering from the Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, in 2012, and the second Ph.D. degree in systems and control from the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia, in 2014. His current research interests include multi-agent systems, cyber-physical systems, and complex dynamical networks. Dr. Qin serves as the Deputy Director of Youth Committee of Chinese Association of Automation. He is currently an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Journal of The Franklin Institute, Neurocomputing, Acta Automatica Sinica, IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications, etc. He is a recipient of the 2017 IEEE IES (Industrial Electronics Society) Best Conference Paper Award.

This study analysed the technical and publication activities of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE), the most influential academic publisher in engineering. We first constructed an original comprehensive database of periodicals (journal and magazine) and conference proceedings published by the IEEE between 1980 and 2008, which comprised approximately 0.36 million periodical articles and 1.14 million conference articles. We analysed the transitions in technical innovations from two perspectives: trends within (1) individual countries and (2) specialized fields represented in IEEE societies. The number of published periodical articles increased fourfold between 1980 and 2008, while that of published conference articles increased nearly 20-fold in the same period. In particular, the number of conference articles published by China increased dramatically from 2002, exceeding even the number published by the US in 2008. The IEEE has increasingly shifted away from its US-centred origins to literally becoming the `electrical and electronics association of the world'. The proportion of articles published by authors in North America, Europe and East Asia has increasingly balanced, thus leading to the formation of a tri-polar structure of IEEE technological activities. This comprehensive analysis of IEEE publications over a period of almost 30 years revealed that with the emergence of more active international competition, `glocalisation' is occurring among publications and research activities of the IEEE. Consequently, quantitative analysis revealed structural changes in global competition and technological transition characterized by five phases.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1451 family of standards defines a set of common communication interfaces for connecting smart transducers (sensors or actuators) to microprocessor-based systems, instruments, and networks in a network-independent environment. The IEEE 1451.2 working group is in the process of revising IEEE p1451.2 to work with the IEEE 1451.0-2007 standard. This paper proposes an architecture of sensor network based on the IEEE 1451.0 and IEEE p1451.2 to support the popular interfaces including Recommended Standard 232 (RS232), universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART), serial peripheral interface (SPI), and universal serial bus (USB). It also describes the development and implementation of such a network based on IEEE 1451.0 and p1451.2-RS232. The sensor network consists of a network capable application processor (NCAP) and a transducer interface module (TIM) with an IEEE p1451.2-RS232 interface. The client-server communication protocols between the NCAP and the TIM have been developed based on the IEEE 1451.0-2007 standard and IEEE p1451.2-RS232 interface. Two case studies are presented as implementation examples. The work described provides a good foundation for updating the IEEE 1451.2-1997 standard to be compatible with the IEEE 1451.0 standard.

Malignant melanoma is a form of skin cancer that develops from melanocytic cells in the human body and can prove to be dangerous if not treated early. With the advent of artificial intelligence, deep learning approaches have been applied for the diagnosis of the disease which in turn shall help medical professionals in the line of treatment. In this paper, transfer learning is used by implementing the pre-trained VGG19 Net model. The model is pre-trained with ImageNet dataset. Certain layers of the pre-trained model are used for the analysis of the dataset of our interest by freezing rest of the convolutional layers. Here, skin lesions images from the ISBI2016 challenge (Gutman et al. in skin lesion analysis toward melanoma detection: a challenge at the international symposium on biomedical imaging, (Gutman D, Codella NCF, Celebi E, Helba B, Marchetti M, Mishra N, Halpern A (2016) skin lesion analysis toward melanoma detection: a challenge at the international symposium on biomedical imaging (ISBI) 2016, hosted by the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC), [1]) dataset are considered for the classification purpose. Proposed classification method records a commendable validation accuracy of 81.33% along with a testing accuracy of 86.67%, precision of 95.08%, recall of 82.25%, IoU of 78.26% and Dice score of 85.29%.

Accurate identification of landmarks from lateral cephalograms plays an important role in cephalometric analysis. Cephalometrics helps orthodontists, dentists, and maxillofacial surgeons to figure out the anatomical abnormalities and thereby provides optimal treatment planning. As the manual marking procedures are measurement error prone and consumes time, a grand challenge is organized by IEEE to automate the detection of landmarks from cephalometric radiographs in the International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) 2014 and 2015. This paper presents a review and comparison for various Artificial Intelligence Techniques proposed to automate cephalometric landmark identification from x-ray images.

Image quality issues in teledermatology: A comparative analysis of artificial intelligence solutions

A Generalized and Interpretable Multi-Label Multi-Disease Screening System for Ocular Anterior Segment Disease Detection

The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) is a nonprofit organization whose aim is advance global prosperity by fostering technical innovation, enabling members' careers and promoting community worldwide. The IEEE was established in 1963, following the merger of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) and the Institute of Radio Engineers. The IEEE also plays a major role in the development of standards for IT, telecommunications, and power generated products and services through its Standards Association. Membership of this organization is open to individuals who by education or experience give evidence of competence in an IEEE designated field of interest. The IEEE is organized into 319 sections in ten geographical regions. These are further sub-divided into 1676 chapters that bring together local members with similar technical interests, as well as 39 societies and five technical councils. The IEEE raises funds from membership dues, assessments, and fees. Keywords: American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE); exchange membership privileges; Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE); telecommunications

IEEE 802.11無線區域網路，近年來已經是佈置無線區域網路的不二選擇，無線的特性彌補了有線網路需要佈建線路的缺點，被廣泛應用在許多場合，像是咖啡廳、速食店，許多國際大城更在全市佈建IEEE 802.11無線區域網路，是一個非常重要的產品。 IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc)在2005年底正式通過了一項標準：IEEE 802.11e，IEEE 802.11e對於IEEE 802.11做了一些新增及修改。IEEE 802.11e提出了兩種通道存取機制：EDCA(Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)及HCCA(HCF Controlled Channel Access)。EDCA的實用性比較大，因為EDCA是一種競爭式通道存取機制，可以用來建置隨意網路(ad hoc network)，而HCCA是一種控制式通道存取機制，一定要有QAP(QoS Access Point)才可以建置網路，所以EDCA廣為設備商實做在產品中，HCCA則乏人問津。 IEEE 802.11e EDCA為了增強對QoS(Quality of Service)的支援，將訊框分成4種AC(Access Category)，並且允許每種AC使用不同的競爭參數以得到不同的傳輸品質，但是IEEE 802.11e EDCA並沒有提出調整競爭參數的方法，對於QoS的支援還有增強的空間，因此本論文提出一個新方法「倒數時間控制協定」(Backoff Time Controlled Protocol, BTCP)來調整這些競爭參數，加強IEEE 802.11e EDCA對QoS的支援。 模擬結果證實本論文提出的倒數時間控制協定能有效分配頻寬，改善訊框傳輸延遲，增強IEEE 802.11e EDCA對QoS的支援。

Characterization of high-grade prostate cancer at multiparametric MRI using a radiomic-based computer-aided diagnosis system as standalone and second reader

This paper introduces an application framework for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1588 standard. This application framework, developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), consists of five layers: hardware layer, operating system layer, middleware and tools layer, IEEE 1588 layer, and application layer. A prototype application system has been developed based on the established IEEE 1588 application framework using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) tool. A case study of the IEEE 1588 delay request-response mechanism based on the application framework is presented. The object-oriented application framework can ease integration and simplify the development of new IEEE 1588 applications by reducing the amount of time and errors to design and develop the IEEE 1588 standard infrastructure. Another benefit of this application framework is to enable developers to achieve standards compliance more readily.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ratified the initial version of the standard for Wireless Local Area Networks known as IEEE 802.11 in 1997 (IEEE Standards, 2004). Belonging to the same family of standards as the Ethernet, it was labeled “Wireless Ethernet” and considered an appropriate networking technology for offices because it did not rely on cables. Although burdened by a lack of strong security (Fluhrer, 2001) and lower throughput compared to its wired equivalent, IEEE 802.11 was a success. The cost of manufacturing 802.11 chipsets fell quickly, and 802.11 found its way from desktop PCs to laptops and next generation cellular phones. Wi-Fi, a consumer-friendly moniker for 802.11, was adopted and the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA), a nonprofit international association, was formed in 1999 to certify the interoperability of Wi-Fi products. WECA changed its name to the Wi-Fi Alliance in 2002 (Wi-Fi Alliance, 2004). The two main components of Wi-Fi networks are the wireless clients and the Wi-Fi access points, which are the wireless equivalent of Ethernet hubs. Clients equipped with Wi-Fi can communicate wirelessly with nearby access points that link them to each other, to the local wired network and to the Internet. Clients can also communicate with each other without access points (assuming their radios are within range) in a so called “ad hoc” mode (IEEE Std. 802.11, 1999). Newer IEEE specifications include 802.11g, which enables clients and access points to connect to each other at speeds of up to 54 Mbps; and 802.11i, which employs advanced authentication and encryption algorithms to protect against unauthorized users that attempt to gain access to private networks (IEEE Standards, 2004). Standard 802.11i also protects the confidentiality and integrity of wireless sessions, which are usually susceptible to eavesdropping and hijacking attacks. The term “Wi-Fi hotspot” is now being used to describe any area where Wi-Fi connectivity is available via nearby access point. Public hotspots can be found in airport lounges and shopping malls, in coffee shops and restaurants, and in hotels and exhibition centers. Wi-Fi users, which include business travelers as well as casual users, can use their portable devices in these hotspots to access e-mail, their corporate intranets and the Internet. Users can browse the Web, use instant messaging and location-based services, place cheaper voice-over-IP calls and conduct videoconferences. Nevertheless, such practice is still not commonplace (Stone, 2003).

A real-time interpretable artificial intelligence model for thecholangioscopic diagnosis of malignant biliary stricture (with videos).

The International Institute of Knowledge Innovation and Invention (IIKII) is an institute that promotes the exchange of innovations and inventions, and establishes a communication platform for international innovations and researches. In 2019, IIKII cooperated with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Tainan Section Sensors Council to hold IEEE conferences such as IEEE ICIASE 2019, IEEE ECBIOS 2019, IEEE ICKII 2019, ICUSA-GAME 2019, and IEEE ECICE 2019. This Special Issue entitled “Selected Papers from IIKII 2019 conferences” aims to select excellent papers from IIKII 2019 conferences, including symmetry in physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and computer science, etc. It selected 21 excellent papers from 750 papers presented in IIKII 2019 conferences on the topic of symmetry. The main goals of this Special Issue are to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible, and to discover new scientific knowledge relevant to the topic of symmetry.

THE IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Computer Society has traced its origin to the formation of the AIEE (American Institute of Electrical Engineers) Large-Scale Computing Devices Committee (CDC) during May and June 1946, which was formally approved by the AIEE Board of Directors on January 29, 1948. The IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) Professional Group on Electronic Computers (PGEC) was formed on September 14, 1951, which was formally approved by the IRE Board of Directors on October 19, 1951. The AIEE CDC and the IRE PGEC were the roots of the IEEE Computer Society. After the merger of the AIEE and the IRE to form the IEEE in 1963, the AIEE CDC and the IRE PGEC were combined to form the IEEE Computer Group on April 22, 1964, which became the IEEE Computer Society in January 1971. Accordingly the IEEE Computer Society is celebrating its 65th Anniversary in 2011. Likewise the IEEE Transactions on Computers (TC) has traced its origin to the inaugural publication of the IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers in December 1952, with Werner Buchholz as Editor and Jean Felker and James Weiner comprising the Editorial Board. The inaugural issue (PGEC-1) contained papers on computers from WESCON (the Western Electronic Show and Convention), held at Long Beach, California, on August 27-29, 1952. The IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers began as a quarterly publication and became a bimonthly publication in January 1962. After the merger of the AIEE and the IRE in 1963, it became the IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers in August 1963 (Volume EC-12, Number 4). Since January 1968 (Volume C-17, Number 1), it has become the current IEEE Transactions on Computers (TC) and a monthly publication. The inception of the IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers in 1952 had undoubtedly contributed much to the IRE Computer Group’s visibility and stability. The early formative years saw a succession of outstanding editors, beginning with Werner Buchholz in 1952, Ralph Meagher in 1954, John (Jack) Nash in 1957, Howard Tompkins in 1959, and Arnold Cohen in 1961. The position of associate editor was introduced in April 1961, the fi rst one being John (Jack) Sherman who was appointed to cover the area of analog and hybrid computers; also the name of editor was changed to editor-in-chief. The IEEE Transactions on (Electronic) Computers continued to develop under the editorship of Norman Scott (1963) and Harry Huskey (1965). With expanded breadth of technical coverage, the number of annual pages increased from about 800 in 1962 to nearly 1,400 in 1970. A special 25th Anniversary issue of TC was guest edited by Harry Huskey and published in 1976. It contained state-of-the-art surveys and tutorial presentations, and high-quality papers on emerging computing technology were brought together to present a comprehensive view of developments and evolution of concepts, education, languages, and peripherals in the computer fi eld. The special issue published 18 papers authored by 26 leading experts in their areas of interest. A chronological list of editors/editors-in-chief of TC with years of their appointments is listed as follows. 1. Werner Buchholz, 1952 2. Ralph Meagher, 1954 3. John Nash, 1957 4. Howard Tompkins, 1959 5. Arnold Cohen, 1961 6. Norman Scott, 1963 7. Harry Huskey, 1965 8. Robert Short, 1971 9. Richard Merwin, 1975 10. Taylor Booth, 1978 11. Tse-yun Feng, 1982 12. Ming T. Liu, 1986 13. Earl Swartzlander, 1991 14. Jane W.S. Liu, 1995 15. Jean-Luc Gaudiot, 1999 16. Viktor Prasanna, 2003 17. Fabrizio Lambardi, 2007 18. Albert Zomaya, 2011 In 2011 TC is celebrating the 60th year of its publication. Happy Anniversary!