Accessing Employment Opportunities on a Qing Frontier: Employees from Mainland China in Taiwan, 1870s–1890s

Concerns Regarding Organ Donation From Prisoners With Death Penalties: Perspectives of Health Professionals in Taiwan and Mainland China

Cross-strait interactions are recently evolving rapidly and deeply, making the study of “Mainland China” to become one of the most important and hottest issues for the courses of General Education in Taiwan. In order to enhance and improve the process of understanding China, in both its general knowledge and its current situation, many universities in Taiwan have already offered the curriculum of “China Studies” at university level. This is becoming a trend, not to say a fashion, on Island Taiwan. It is so obvious that university students are going to be the future leaders of this country and that they will play key roles in the development of cross-strait relations. As a result, their views on the setting up of curriculum and syllabus of “Mainland China Studies” and its related courses are worth looking into and should be soundly surveyed. For doing so, the aims of this research paper are as below: (1)To have a survey on the curriculum of “Mainland China Studies” and its related courses teaching in Taiwan at university level; (2)To have a field research on the ways of how university students in Taiwan see the curriculum and syllabus of “Mainland China Studies” as courses of general education at university level; (3)Making research conclusions and drawing suggestions, as a sort of reference,forscholars, education experts, and university executives as planning to set up“Mainland China Studies” and its related courses. This field research of this study has been done at ten universities in most parts of Taiwan, both in northern and southern Taiwan, by picking up random samples of 1000 students to investigate their views on the setting up of Mainland China-related courses. The outcomes of the research analysis and some suggestions are as below: 1.Conclusions: (1)University students’ views on the interactions with “Mainland China”: Most students believe that the information about Mainland China is very important for their future study and job opportunities. They confirmed that improving the understanding of Mainland China will bring improvements to cross strait relations. The research revealed that many Taiwan university students do not have a correct understanding of Mainland China, since about 84% of the university students have never been to Mainland China. (2)Students’ views on Mainland China Studies and its related course as part of general education: Most students confirmed the necessity to have more courses related to Mainland China Studies, as part of selective curriculum, and thought that the courses would enhance their understanding of Mainland China. In regards to current curriculum of Mainland China Studies, most students thought that the top three important topics are: (1), Chinese Foreign Trade and its Economy, (2), Chinese Culture and Education, and (3), Policies on Cross Strait Interactions. They are also showing interests on Chinese Monetary and Financial Conditions, as well as Chinese Tourism Most of the Taiwanese students thought that the opinions and standing points expressed by the teachers on Taiwan’s future unification or independence should be undoubtedly respected, but should not be expected too much. They also showed expectation of further interchange of teachers across the Straits. The factors that draw them to choose those selective courses include: (1), personal interest, (2), sound and outstanding course contents, and (3), the belief that these curriculum will be helpful to them in the future. They suggested that the subjects of each curriculum and teaching methods need to be improved, and the contents of eachcourse should be enhanced and enriched. 2.Suggestions: (1)Every university in Taiwan should have at least some general courses on Mainland China. (2)Every university here in Taiwan should initiate broader cross-strait student exchanges programs. (3)The curriculum and syllabus of Mainland China Studies and its related courses should be diversified and enriched. (4)Universities in Taiwan should invite suitable and qualified Mainlander Chinese teachers to set up and teach related courses, or to improve the cross-strait exchange of teachers. (5)Teachers should be mindful of the expression of views on Taiwan’s future re-unification or independence, and carefully expressed objective analysis is preferable. (6)There should have sincere investigation on whether students’ views can be reflected in company with their school’s position or political affiliations, for detecting if these courses have changed their political thinking. Further study and research in the future should also be launched for enhancing this research and analysis.

This research is to investigate a comparison study of store image in chain convenience store on Taiwan and Mainland China. Additionally, it involves the evaluation of importance and satisfaction levels for them. The research is conducted in Taipei and Shanghai. Thus, the importance, satisfaction and overall levels to the subjects can be obtained based on the questionnaire recipients. This research employs the convenience sampling method as the investigation method. The total 198 effective samples are collected in Taipei and the total 49 effective samples are collected in Shanghai. In this research, some attributes of store image are grouped into six dimensions which are products and prices, convenience, service, advertising, atmosphere, and solid equipment. The research structure contains 22 attributes which are measured by Likert scale to understand the importance level of store image, the satisfaction level of store image, and the whole store image. Through the statistical analysis, the major results are as the following: 1. Between chain convenience store on Taiwan and Mainland China, there is significant difference in the importance level of store image. Besides, all consumers of Taiwan and Mainland China place high importance on which are “product quality is superior” and “the environment of store is clean.” 2. Between chain convenience store on Taiwan and Mainland China, there is significant difference in the satisfaction level of store image. Besides, all consumers of Taiwan and Mainland China are satisfied with “shop hours are long” and “location of store is proper” and “location is convenience.” 3. Between chain convenience store on Taiwan and Mainland China, there is significant difference in the whole store image. On the side, all consumers of Taiwan and Mainland China have whole good evaluation about “shop hours are long” and “location of store is proper.” 4. Among Taiwan and Mainland China, there is significant difference between the importance level of store image and the satisfaction level of store image.

The Taiwan real estate market on the basis of private ownership has been developed for forty to fifty years with economic growth. During this period, Taiwan real estate market experienced three main prosperous cycles. But after 1991, due to real estate market oversupply, economic growth slowdown and domestic and international circumstance factor influence, it still has been in the long time murky condition up to now. Traditional opinions of “Holding real estate means the symptom of wealth” and keeping real estate for appreciation are questionable for investors now. The economic system of Mainland China has significant transformation since it had executed open policy in 1979. The real estate system still remains the land on the basis of public ownership, but the leasehold estates could be transferred after 1988. After that time, real estate in Mainland China becomes “the circulation commodity” which inspires the market development. It is the recent ten years that Mainland Chin real estate market has developed maturely and vigorously due to rapid economy growth. Above all, in the near future, the 2008 Olympic Games at Beijing and the 2010 World Exhibition at Shanghai will motivate the Mainland China economy and real estate market to grow faster. Especially for Shanghai, it will become the “shining pearl” in Mainland China and attract global investors’ sights. On the analysis of current development trend, Shanghai real estate market is worth investing in the few years. But Investors should have more concern about the different real estate ownership and development stage from Taiwan and Mainland China, then you can have an more exact estimate and make a right investment decision. Based on the basic environment, industrial development and the key points of real estate investment decision-making of Taiwan and Mainland China, the project with case study approach of which selected Taipei and Shanghai office buildings as research objective makes practical investment analysis. The main purposes of project are as following: 1.To compare the current circumstance of real estate investment environment in Taiwan and Mainland China, describe the trend of the market development, then generalize those factors which affect the real estate market development. 2. To analyze the investment profit by means of case study which compares with the investment process, the fixed rental income and expected appreciation of real estate. 3. To consider the Taiwan and Mainland China real estate market and monetary market, and study the feasibility of real estate investment in above areas by using the modern financial analysis tools; also analyze the different investment decision-making and find out the key points for investors’reference. The project makes four conclusions as followings: 1. Based on present Taiwan and Mainland China real estate market conditions and predicted development tendency, the Shanghai commercial real estate is a good choice of making investment in the short and middle term period if in the income approach point of view. But in the maturity of political and economic development, the stability of market trading and the estates value points of view, the Shanghai commercial real estate is more potentially risky and uncertain than Taipei. So the long-term investment profit of real estate in Taipei still cannot be negligent. 2. The reasons of the present Shanghai commercial real estate investment profit higher than Taipei are the lower real estate price and higher rental income. The case study of the project verifies the present investment value of Taiwan and Mainland China real estate. But the long- term investment profit in the above areas depends on the accurate estimate of real estate market development in the future. 3. Investors should estimate the marginal utility of the rate of return and mortgage rate, and also consider the tax shield when they make real estate investment by mortgage. 4. Long-term investors should carefully consider the local government policy, administrative rules, exchange rate risk and the estates value of real estate. These factors all sufficiently affect the investment profit.

This study attempts to investigate the electronic journal reading behaviour of social scientists in Taiwan and Mainland China. The main purposes of the study are as follows: to explore the importance of e-journals amongst social scientists' research; to explore the e-journal reading behaviour of Taiwanese and Chinese social scientists; to unearth factors affecting e-journal article reading thereby allowing comparisons to be made between the e-journal reading behaviour of social scientists in Taiwan and Mainland China. Three surveys were carried out at ChengChi University in Taiwan, and Wuhan University and Nanjing University in Mainland China during 2012. The target population was social science faculty members and graduate students of the three universities. Three questionnaire surveys were conducted during January to April 2012, with a total of 668 valid questionnaire responses collected. Analysis of reading e-journal critical incident articles showed that 46.7% were in Chinese and 53.3% in English. Each social scientist in Taiwan and Mainland China read on average 307 e-journal articles and spent about 380 hours annually reading e-journals; they read e-journals mainly for research purposes and the writing of papers. Information regarding the e-journal reading environments, reading methods, reading strategies and reading consequences of social scientists in Taiwan and Mainland China were collected and analysed. In this study four types of e-journal reading behaviour of social scientists in Taiwan and Mainland China are shown, namely; screen browsing; screen based-reading, print reading, and screen-based collocating reading. E-journal reading behaviour of social scientists in Taiwan and Mainland China are studied and the study also illustrates some difference of e-journal reading behaviour between Taiwanese and Chinese social scientists.

Under the development of Economic Globalization, the trend of Trade Liberalization has arising. To promote the quantum of Foreign trade , most countries of the world promote to sign a Free trade Agreement. Recent years, the countries of Asian has used the different way ,such as「ASEAN+N」、bilateral FTA, to build the economic cooperation framework. To January 2012,the number of FTA signed by Asian countries have reached to190. However, Taiwan only signed 5 FTAs with Central America countries before Economic Cooperation Framework. Indeed, Taiwan face the crisis of economic marginalization. Therefore, it is an important issue to sign the FTA with mail trading countries. The Mainland China is the biggest trading partner of Taiwan. Recently years, China has become the World market from the World factory. The sign of Economic Cooperation Framework between Taiwan and Mainland China will bring the tariff reduction and exemption. Besides, Taiwan also can get competition advantage in the market of Mainland China when face the challenge of South Korea and Japan, and get the same competition condition with the countries of ASEAN. Since 1st ,January 2011, the Economic Cooperation Framework between Taiwan and Mainland China has been effect ,and step into the second stage from 1st ,January 2012. Now, most product in the harvest list of ECFA has got the tariff reduction and exemption. According to the harvest list of ECFA, machinery industry is the 3rd industry in the number of products getting the tariff reduction and exemption. Owing to Mainland China is the biggest trading partner of Taiwan machinery industry, the thesis choose the Taiwan machinery industry as the Subject, take Gravity Model as the research method, and use the data of Taiwan＇foreign trade with 11 trading countries to analyze the factors of affect bilateral trading and the effect of ECFA. It finds that ECFA brings the positive effect to Taiwan machinery industry＇foreign trade. Besides, it also finds that EU、CEPA、CAFTA bring negative effect to Taiwan machinery industry＇foreign trade. To the further research, we suggest that it can choose the representative industry such as textile industry or petrochemical industry to analyze the effect in the different industry ,and the impact in Taiwan＇foreign trade. The in-depth research will provide more reference information and upgrade the value of the research.

Although Taiwan, Hong Kong and Mainland China share a similar ancestry and cultural background, each has developed unique practices and cultures. As a result of historical circumstances, each has developed differing economic and educational systems. From the viewpoint of history, Taiwan became a Japan's colony in 1985, and also typically follows American practices. Hong Kong was ruled by England for 156 years, and typically follows British practices. Mainland China has adopted the command economic system and communism since 1945. These historic-cultural different among Chinese make it increasingly more important for Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mainland China not only to understand how to communicate with the rest of the world, but also to understand how to communicate with each other. In this research, Hofstede's model of individualism-collectivism value system was a dependent variable reflecting the culture. For Research Question, an ANOVA was conducted to investigate individualism/collectivism degree in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mainland China. The findings were a statistically significant difference between the individualist/collectivist attitude among Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mainland China. Hong Kong has highest individualism attitude compared to Taiwan and Mainland China. Taiwan has highest collectivism attitude compared to Mainland China and Hong Kong. These results of the study were consistent with the findings of the prior empirical study by Hofstede.

Objective: Scientific publication is the reflection of the capability of not only an individual scholar, but also a group, even a country. Over the past few decades, Chinese researchers have made great progress in medical scientific field. However, the status about the quantity and quality of the publications in otorhinolaryngology have not been reported. The aim of this study was to compare the output by Chinese authors from three regions of China: Mainland China (MC), Taiwan (TW) and Hong Kong (HK).Methods: Literature was retrieved from the 43 otorhinolaryngology journals based on the subject category ‘otorhinolaryngology’ of the Science Citation Index Expanded (2015) from Web of Science Core Collection. The first authors of these articles were limited in three regions of China: MC, TW and HK from 2006 to 2016 by using the data mining software Thomson Data Analyzer (TDA). Evaluation criteria are based on total number of articles, impact factors (IFs), citations, articles published in high-impact journals and funding support.Result: A total of 59,832 articles were published worldwide in 43 otorhinolaryngology related journals from 2006 to 2016. Publications from MC was rapidly increasing and the total number contributed the most articles of the China (1931/3362, 57.44%), followed by TW (1220/3362, 36.29%) and HK (211/3362, 6.28%). The quantity of annual publications from MC has exceeded that of TW since 2010. MC was in the first place for cumulative IFs, but the last place for average IF. For total and average citations, MC was in the same situation of IF. Acta Otolaryngol was the most popular journal to choose in MC, and for TW and HK was Head & Neck.Conclusions: The total number of otorhinolaryngology articles in China increased markedly from 2006 to 2016, especially for MC. Despite the rapid growth in the number of articles from MC, the quality was not that satisfactory.

Rehabilitation physician training is an important part of the development of rehabilitation medicine. Rehabilitation physician education in Taiwan has a complete and standardized training system, and rehabilitation physician training in mainland China is mainly achieved through standardized residency training. This article compares the differences in training processes for rehabilitation physicians in education in medical colleges and universities, residency training, and specialist training between Taiwan and mainland China. The results show that rehabilitation physician training in Taiwan is rigorous and orderly, with reasonable contents, clear objectives, strong specialty, and standardized assessment, while in mainland China, rehabilitation physicians in mainland China have insufficient training time, and there is a lack of detailed training plan and unified assessment standards. Rehabilitation physician training in mainland China needs to learn from advanced experience, further reform the training process, improve the operability of the overall education program, and perfect the training system of rehabilitation physicians. Key words: Taiwan; Mainland China; Rehabilitation physician; Training

This article aims at establishing a generalized model of economic relations between Taiwan and Mainland China, by way of analyzing the complicated economic interests, security considerations, and negotiating behavior between Taiwan and Mainland China. From an economic perspective, this article argues that cross-strait economic exchanges have made positive contributions to Taiwan's economic development. From a security perspective, this article asserts that cross-strait economic exchanges have brought little extra burden on Taiwan's security on account of the transformation of Mainland China's internal political and economic structure and of the formation of the ”common-interest community of international labor-division” among Taiwan, Mainland China and the international community. Finally, this article attempts to combine economic and security dimensions with a view to construct a model for negotiation between Taiwan and Mainland China. Based on economic and security analysis, this article concludes that Taiwan should negotiate with Mainland China on cross-strait economic cooperation in order to maximize Taiwan's overall interests.

Through an empirical comparative analysis, we found that people in mainland China and Taiwan demonstrate strong similarities in their support for democracy, based on democratic suitability, efficiency, preference, and priority. There are also differences in beliefs about democratic values. Compared to people in mainland China, the Taiwanese have a deeper and more widely shared belief in the principles of participation and pluralism, while the differences between their beliefs in the principles of equality, freedom, and checks and balances are narrow. Furthermore, people in mainland China and Taiwan have a strong similarity in their understanding of democracy, that is, they all present a mixed democratic understanding based on substantive bias. Overall, although the differences between mainland China and Taiwan’s democratic practices are reflected in the level of value identification from the perspective of democratic support and democratic understanding, the popular democratic political culture in mainland China and Taiwan still has a relatively broad consensus. Thus, the integration and development of cross-strait relations not only has an increasingly profound social and economic foundation but also considerable consensus and mass support on the political and cultural level.

Like Regime, Like Newspaper: Comparative Analysis on Newspaper Industries across Taiwan Strait (1949-1958) Abstract Ever since 1949, across Taiwan strait, the Republic of China on Taiwan ruled by Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuo Min Tang, KMT) and the People’s Republic of China on Chinese Mainland ruled by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) were antagonist to each other for a long time. Far-reaching changes were mandated both in Taiwan and Mainland China by the two regimes while communications between people on both sides of Taiwan strait were banned, and later vanished. Thus, to all professions across Taiwan strait, two groups of numerous experiments were performed at the same time. The experiences and consequences of these experiments influenced the working conditions, lives and cultures on both territories and evidenced distinction between the two national systems. As the most important media at the time, newspaper industry was highly regarded by both KMT and CCP. Although in the beginning of the political separation, newspaper industries across Taiwan strait were quite similar, the many newspaper policies raised by the two governments molded different environments for the industry. Experiments of newspaper industry under different regimes were taken place from then on. Within ten years, the newspaper industries evolved seperately across the strait, and around 1958, divergent newspaper systems appeared. Newspaper industry in Mainland China became a typical example of the industry under totalitarian regime, while newspaper industry in Taiwan showed itself a model of the industry under authoritarian regime. Base on the above historical background, what was the mechanism that caused and shaped different newspaper industries across Taiwan strait? How did newspaper industry respond to totalitarian or authoritarian ruling? What factors that differentiated authoritarianism from totalitarianism can be reached through the examples in newspaper industry? These questions reckon the necessity of comparative study on the same industry in two isolated and widely different regions during the same time period. This dissertation tries to be contributive to the answers. Newspaper industry is considered and studied here with its entire functionality. Not only are news reporting, editing and editorial writing examined, but newspaper’s producing, sales and management are also studied. Comparative historical analysis is applied as the main methodology with the assistance of knowledges from journalism, political science, sociology, business administration and accounting. Acknowledging newapapers as the “tongue and throat to the party” and tool for propaganda, CCP spared no effort to control newspaper industry. However, it’s means and artifices were nimble and flexible. From 1949, CCP elaborated a government-owned hierarchy newspaper system. Party leaders directed newspapers owned and operated by central to local governments, while tolerated temporary existence of some privately-owned newspapers. Following the establishment of the regime, CCP seized newspaper industry’s resources such as manpower, materials, financial supply, news announcing, circulation channels and market throughout Mainland China. The number of remaining privately-owned newspapers and circulation and advertising agent houses declined sharply and eventually died out in a few years. When CCP had monopolized the newspaper industry, consequently, it had monopolized the social capitals contained in the industry. Newspapers in the totalitarian country became part of the regime itself. On the other side of the strait, the retreating and exhausted KMT faced difficulties inside and outside Taiwan. For surviving, the adoption of a two-handed policy, with both suppressions and compromises was inevitable, which made the ROC of Taiwan an authoritarian country. Government’s publication moratorium and journalistic taboos set walls around newspaper industry, but also kept potential competitors away. Among the coexisting, fixed-numbered newspapers, those owned by government or KMT were in leading positions in 1949. However, due to the realism of authoritarianism, some “reservations,” such as social and crime news, popular supply and circulation markets, and advertisements had been made by the government for other newspapers to maneuver their future with free competition in these areas. Privately-owned newspapers utilized the opportunities created by these “reservations” to compete capitalistically. In ten years, resources contained in Taiwanese societies were gradually excavated and transferred to privately-owned newspapers when social capitals were being accumulated by them; meanwhile government- and KMT-owned newspapers began to ebb. Preparation for privately-owned newspapers to meet the further economic development and foundation for them to exceed government- and KMT-owned newspapers were established in this period of time. Ten years were short in history, yet long enough to create two completely different newspaper industries in two areas that were politically separated and isolated to each other. It was the decade right after the split in 1949 that the two regimes across Taiwan strait, CCP’s totalitarian and KMT’s authoritarian, formed newspaper industries based on each one’s political ideology. So ten years are long enough to have a specific newspaper industry appear under a regime’s specific ruling. Sensitive to its environment as any other news media is, newspaper industry is a product of the regime that brings about the media industry’s environment. Like regime, like newspaper.

This offers an introduction to the ROC army with a focus on its influential role in post-revolution society, the retreat to Taiwan, and its transformation over the decades. Originally called the National Revolutionary Army at its inception in 1925 in China, it was renamed the Republic of China Armed Forces in 1947. Since 1949, the force’s primary goal was the ROC government’s objective of retaking the mainland (China) from the Communists. As a result of its history, the military has long been regarded by most Hokkien-speaking Taiwanese (those whose ancestors moved to the island from the 17th century, as opposed to the so-called Mainlanders who arrived from mainland China in following the 1949 KMT defeat at the hands of the Communists) as being the “KMT army.” The extent to which this perception persists is very much of interest when determining the civil–military relationship in Taiwan. Thus, conditions exist for low popular regard for the military, especially as regards a military career. There exists a situation in which Taiwan society has moved forward, both economically as well as politically, from dictatorship, through democratization, and into a truly open and free society dedicated to fairness and equality, and yet the security situation remains unchanged, with the threat of invasion remaining ever-present. As a result, the military tasked with confronting this threat has remained one of the largest social organs on the island resistant to change.

The defendant's mental capacity is often crucial in criminal procedure, and an expert witness may be requested to conduct a forensic psychiatric evaluation. This paper analyzes the law and clinical practice of adult defendants' forensic psychiatric evaluation in criminal courts between Mainland China and Taiwan China. Results indicated that the law in Taiwan China explicitly mentioned more mental illness and mental capacity than the law in Mainland China regarding forensic psychiatric evaluation. Concerning expert witnesses, Mainland China has established a registration and management system, but in Taiwan China, the judge decides the expert witness's admissibility. Furthermore, clinical evaluation guidelines have been promulgated in Mainland China, while none in Taiwan China. Implications of the findings were discussed.

From August 1945 when Japan surrendered to 1949, Taiwan experienced a drastic change and transformation in politics, economy, society, and culture. As an element of culture, theatre reflected the complexity of this change. During these four years, the Chinese nationalist government took over the island from Japan. However, some Japanes people and their opera troupes still stayed in Taiwan. Meanwhile, actors, actresses and opera troupes from Mainland China came to Taiwan. Taiwanese people also formed their opera troupes. The diversified stage activities in Taiwan flourished. Modern theatre in both Taiwan and Mainland China were enlightened by Japanese theatre. Even during the period of Japanese occupation, Taiwan kept communicating and exchanging with Mainland China. However, the Pacific War in 1937 blocked the traffic between Taiwan and Mainland China, and their developments of theatre went separate ways henceforth. After World War Ⅱ ended in 1945, Taiwanese theatre began a new phase in its history. Unfortunately, due to political reasons and long lapse of time, we are unable to gather complete information about the impact Taiwanese theater received and the changes it underwent during those four years. This article tries to reconstruct the situation of Taiwanese theatre during that time, on the basis of the information from the cinema advertisements, reviews and reports in contemporary newspapers. It is hoped that the study of those four years after World War Ⅱ will illustrate its connection to the period of the Japanese Occupation in regard to the development of Taiwanese theatre.