Accesibility to Basic Urban Services in Mbour City (Senegal): An Approach Based on Geographical Information System

PROTOCOL: The effects of road infrastructure, and transport and logistics services interventions on women's participation in informal and formal labour markets in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

Thechallengefacingurban policymakersis how to tackle the long-standing differences in social welfareand basic public services provision for migrant and incumbent workers arising from the dual-household registration system. In this chapter, we quantify inequalities in access to basic public services between migrant workers and the local urban population across different regions of China. We consider both inequalities within urban areas, and inequalities that exist between urban and rural areas. For urban areas, we find large inequalities in access to basic public services between the indigenous urban population and migrant workers. There are also significant differences between urban and rural areas. The level of basic public services in the West of China lags behind other regions. Across China as a whole, the gap within regions is greater than the gap between regions. Internal variations within a region arise mainly from inequality in access to basic public services between urban and rural populations and across urban neighbourhoods. Chinese public services are characterised by ‘dualisation’ in urban–rural provision and ‘fragmentation’ across regions in terms of the level and quality of service. These two features constitute a formidable obstacle for the ‘citizenisation’ of migrant workers. We provide detailed examples from across China of countermeasures and strategies currently being implemented to reduce inequalities in public service provision.

Achieving basic rights in health-care facilities in low-income countries

Access to basic water service and basic sanitation service has been acknowledged as fundamental human rights. It also has been mentioned in UN Sustainable Development Goals 6 to ensure that all people will have equal access to both water and sanitation service, as well as embedded in Goal 10 that aims to reduce inequality and promoting inclusiveness. However, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme 2017 reported that 844 million people are still living without basic access to water, and 2.3 billion are still excluded from basic sanitation service. In this study, we present quantitative global‐scale analysis of inequality of accessing the water and sanitation services from different wealth groups in 82 developing countries. We found that access inequality is rampant among developing countries particularly in terms of accessing basic sanitation service which the poor populations tend to be excluded in accessing the basic service. Based on combined multiple global data sets, we further identify which components of water governance are the key contributors to access inequality in water and sanitation services. We conclude that social and political dimension of water governance, such as government effectiveness, are influencing the occurrence of inequality of access to sanitation service in developing countries, while the inequality of access to basic water service was strongly influenced by the economic aspect of water governance, such as absorption of aid funds.

This paper analyzes the equity of opportunity in basic education and infrastructure services in seven developing countries, namely, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Viet Nam. The analysis applies a method developed by the World Bank called the Human Opportunity Index (HOI). The HOI measures the total contribution of individuals’ socioeconomic and demographic circumstances to inequality of opportunity in accessing basic services. A new methodology presented in this study, however, provides a way to quantify the relative contribution of each circumstance variable to the inequality of opportunity. Results of the empirical analysis indicate that more needs to be done to improve the distribution of economic benefits. Opportunities to access basic education and infrastructure services in the seven countries vary widely in terms of availability and distribution. The study also finds that inequality of opportunity is driven mainly by per capita household expenditure. This suggests that household poverty plays a crucial role in determining equitable access to basic services.

This paper analyzes the equity of opportunity in basic education and infrastructure services in seven developing countries, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Viet Nam. The analysis applies a method developed by the World Bank called the Human Opportunity Index, which measures the total contribution of individual socioeconomic and demographic circumstances to inequality of opportunity in accessing basic services. The new and major contribution of the paper, however, is the development of a methodology that quantifies the relative contribution of each circumstance variable to the inequality of opportunity. This contribution is crucial in identifying which underlying inequalities matter most—which can have important policy implications, for instance, in terms of developing better-targeted interventions. Results of the empirical analysis indicate that more needs to be done to improve the distribution of economic benefits. Opportunities to access basic education and infrastructure services in the seven countries vary widely in terms of availability and distribution. The study also finds that inequality of opportunity is driven mainly by per capita household expenditure. This suggests that household poverty plays a crucial role in determining equitable access to basic services.

In recent years, the 15-minute city has gained prominence as a vision for urban development, aiming to create attractive and vibrant neighborhoods where essential services are within a 15-minute walk. However, its implementation raises concerns about socio-spatial segregation, as the potential increase in desirability of these neighborhoods—combined with various underlying factors—can lead to increased housing prices, potentially excluding economically vulnerable groups. Despite its popularity, few studies have thoroughly explored how access to the 15-minute city varies among different socio-economic groups and across different cities and towns, highlighting a significant research gap. This study aims to explore potential socio-economic inequalities in 15-minute city access across the 200 largest built-up areas in Sweden. Specifically, our study compares average incomes among residents living in neighborhoods that either meet or do not meet various 15-minute city criteria within each built-up area. These criteria are designed to operationalize the proximity dimension of the 15-minute city by capturing which residents that have access to different sets of non-work urban social functions (e.g., healthcare, restaurants, retail) within 1 km from their homes. Two research questions guide the study: Are there differences in access to the 15-minute city, in terms of proximity to non-work urban social functions, across different income groups in Swedish built-up areas? How do variations in the types of functions included in the 15-minute city model, as well as differences in built-up areas characterized by population size, density, land use mix, and the proportion of older buildings, affect these outcomes? Findings reveal significant impact from both the definition of the 15-minute city and across different types of built-up areas. When the 15-minute city only encompasses basic functions such as a grocery store, school, restaurant, etc., average incomes are lower, irrespective of population size. However, mean incomes are notably higher for residents who can locally access many different urban social functions, indicative of larger cities with a higher population density and jobs-to-worker ratio. This highlights a cautionary aspect for cities and planners implementing the 15-minute city vision, as the city characteristics strongly correlated with effective adherence to the 15-minute city may also contribute to excluding lower-income groups.

Tourist visitation patterns are complex phenomena influenced by destination attributes, individual preferences, and trip organization. Although primary attractions often draw the most attention, basic infrastructure and accessibility to these sites play a crucial role in shaping tourists’ decisions and movements, especially in rural areas. This study uses Geographic Information Systems and cartographic analysis to investigate the spatial behavior of tourists tracked via GPS in the Ebro Delta (Spain). The focus is on understanding how service and transport infrastructure, such as tourist attractions, basic services, public transport availability, and parking facilities, affect tourist visitation patterns, inducing tourists to concentrate in certain areas. The analysis reveals that tourists predominantly frequent major clustered attractions with nearby infrastructure, yet certain significant sites receive noticeably fewer visits than expected. Findings show that this disparity in visitation is attributed primarily to the critical role of service and transport infrastructure in nature-based destinations, including the availability of public transportation options, car parking lots and the provision of basic tourist services. The under-visited attractions in the Ebro Delta are primarily affected by isolation and accessibility constraints, whereas the over-visited attractions are characterized by the cumulative effect of clustered attractions and the nearby existence of service and transport infrastructure. This suggests that enhancements in transportation, parking facilities and providing basic services could potentially redistribute tourist flow and benefit lesser-visited sites, which is essential for equitable tourist distribution across attractions in rural nature-based destinations like Ebro Delta, thereby redistributing tourist impacts while maximizing the destination’s overall appeal and visitor satisfaction.

Urban areas usually display better health care services than rural areas, but data about suburban areas in China are lacking. Hence, this cross-sectional study compared the utilization of community basic medical services in Shanghai urban and suburban areas between 2009 and 2014. These data were used to improve the efficiency of community health service utilization and to provide a reference for solving the main health problems of the residents in urban and suburban areas of Shanghai. Using a two-stage random sampling method, questionnaires were completed by 73 community health service centers that were randomly selected from six districts that were also randomly selected from 17 counties in Shanghai. Descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, and forecast analysis were used to complete a gap analysis of basic health services utilization quality between urban and suburban areas. During the 6-year study period, there was an increasing trend toward greater efficiency of basic medical service provision, benefits of basic medical service provision, effectiveness of common chronic disease management, overall satisfaction of community residents, and two-way referral effects. In addition to the implementation effect of hypertension management and two-way referral, the remaining indicators showed a superior effect in urban areas compared with the suburbs (P<0.001). In addition, among the seven principal components, four principal component scores were better in urban areas than in suburban areas (P = <0.001, 0.004, 0.036, and 0.022). The urban comprehensive score also exceeded that of the suburbs (P<0.001). In summary, over the 6-year period, there was a rapidly increasing trend in basic medical service utilization. Comprehensive satisfaction clearly improved as well. Nevertheless, there was an imbalance in health service utilization between urban and suburban areas. There is a need for the health administrative department to address this imbalance between urban and suburban institutions and to provide the required support to underdeveloped areas to improve resident satisfaction.

Reducing inequalities in all its forms is one of the key principles of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). However, the 2030 SDG Agenda has been a real challenge in addressing inequalities in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services. There is a disparity in the use of WASH services in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify demographic factors affecting the use of Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) ladders for WASH services. In this study, a total of 5350 households were included. Households having heads with vocational education levels were 2.9 times higher in use of basic drinking-water services ((Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.9 with 95% CI 1.6–5.1) than household having heads who could not read and write. Besides, households living in urban areas were 21.7 times more likely to use basic drinking-water services (AOR = 21.7 with 95% CI 16–30) than in rural parts. Further, households with merchants’ heads were 2.1 times higher to use basic sanitation services (AOR = 2.1 with 95% CI 1.5, 3.1) than households with farmers’ heads. Moreover, households having higher monthly income per head were 2.9 times higher in utilizing basic sanitation services (AOR = 2.9 with 95% CI 2.32–3.58) than the poorest households. Similarly, households with female heads were 1.5 times higher in using the JMP ladder for basic hygiene services (AOR = 1.5 with 95% CI 1.24–1.71) than households with male heads. Additionally, respondents who live in urban areas had 2.8 times higher use of basic hygiene services (AOR = 2.8 with 95% CI 2.26–3.54) than those in rural areas. Many demographic factors that influence the use of the JMP ladders for water, sanitation, and hygiene services were identified. The use of surface water, open defecation practice, unimproved sanitation, and no hygiene services were positively associated with illiteracy. The findings suggest that state authorities should initiate firm WASH policies and strategies to achieve the SDG 6 and 10. Additionally, the government should apply effective WASH interventions that consider demographic disparities.

Introduction Many consider the provision of basic social services, such as schooling and health care, both the ends and means of economic development. Education is commonly viewed as an important dimension of human development in Asia, while a shortage of skilled labor is often cited as a growth constraint in many countries or sectors. Delivery of basic services therefore has attracted considerable attention from national governments, development agencies, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), and the research community. Despite the greater supply of basic services in developing Asia and beyond, evidence shows that the poor have failed to gain sufficiently from it. This chapter therefore explores the causes of such failures. Section 6.2 provides a brief account of the current state of service delivery in developing countries, with a special focus on Asia. Section 6.3 presents a synthesis of the barriers the poor face in accessing various services, with boxes highlighting good practices in pro-poor service delivery in developing countries. Section 6.4 summarizes and concludes. Unequal access to basic services: A brief account Developing countries and development institutions in the past 2 decades have increased efforts to improve the quality and accessibility of basic social and infrastructure services and to make them more inclusive. But outcomes have been mixed: while some have been successful, others have benefited the rich more than the poor. And in many communities in the developing world, the poor still lack adequate access to basic services (O'Donnell et al. 2007).

Urban settlements account for only two percent of the Earth’s land surface, however, over half of the world’s population resides in cities (United Nations, 2001). High population density in urban areas has resulted in a large-scale modification of the environment in urban fringe. Urbanization is a complex process of converting urban fringe and rural land to urban land uses and has caused various impacts on ecosystem structure, function and dynamics (Luck and Wu, 2002). On one hand, the high rate of urbanization causes high density in settlement limited areas of cities, on the other hand, it costs increases to society due to the resulting unplanned and uncontrolled urbanization and land use with the skirts, especially in urban fringe of natural habitat/ landscape pieces and the corrupted use of urban areas without taking into account natural law or the ecological balance (Aydemir et al., 1993). Suburban, urban fringe and rural development are a leading cause of biodiversity loss and natural resource degradation in Trabzon province. The detection and analysis of land use changes in the urban environment is an important issue in planning. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are considered as appropriate and efficient techniques for this type of studies. These techniques were used to investigate the effects of urbanization on ecosystem structure (landscape) and to quantify urban growth of Trabzon urban area. Changes of landscape pattern from 1987 to 2008 were analyzed by FRAGSTATS with four metrics, indicating that the diversity and landscape fragmentation are positively related to the degree of urbanization. The study showed that the percentage of urbanization in Trabzon Centrum increased from 4.72 in 1987 to 6.27 in 2008 based on supervised classification of images. Cumulative urbanization accounted for 1.55% of the whole area of Trabzon (254 ha) and 32.8% of the settlement area of the Trabzon from 1987 to 2008. This translates to an annual rate of urbanization of 1.35% between 1987 and 2008.This study demonstrated additional insights into landscape change by integrating the spatial and the temporal perspectives and targeting the forms of residential developments towards urban fringe. Keywords: GIS, land use/land cover change, remote sensing, urban fringe, fragmentation, urbanization.

The Inclusive City: Infrastructure and Public Services for the Urban Poor in Asia. Edited by Aprodicio A. Laquian, Vinod Tewari, and Lisa M. Hanley. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; and Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. Pp. 341. The co-editors' concern for the plight of Asia's urban poor is not misplaced. The Asian Development Bank recently reported that 1.9 billion Asians live on less than two dollars per day and that more than 1 billion Asians live in some degree of absolute or relative poverty. Asia's poor account for three-fourths of the world's poor, and the co-editors estimate that nearly 800 million of Asia's poor live in cities and account for 34 per cent of those who live in Asia's urban areas. The challenge of serving the urban poor will grow because, according to the co-editors, by 2015 there will be 24 mega cities in the world and half of them will be in Asia. This essence of this superb and timely work is summarized in the preface's opening paragraph: Residents of cities in developing countries often lack adequate urban infrastructure, including water and sanitation, transport, solid waste collection and disposal, housing, and other basic services. In Asian cities, great efforts are being taken to make urban services available, but access to these services is often not open to everyone ... Rapidly growing slum areas and squatter communities lack even rudimentary facilities. Faced with the polarization of rich and poor people, urban authorities are faced with the challenge of how to make cities more inclusive by making infrastructure and services available to all. (p. xvii) The volume represents a collaborative effort: it was prepared under the auspices of the editorial offices of the Woodrow Wilson Center Press at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Its contents were presented at a Woodrow Wilson sponsored Forum on Urban Infrastructure and Public Service Delivery held in New Delhi, India during 24-25 June 2004. The book's twelve chapters, written by twenty-one contributors, make an essential point: Cities spur economic growth and act as the agents of cultural and political transformation. In an age of rapid globalization, urbanization erodes primordial identities and loyalties. At the same time, ... (urbanization) creates new groupings that promote exclusivity. (p. 1) The book explains that the poor are excluded and that the poverty that characterizes their lives can be defined in various ways, including, (a) insufficient income needed to meet basic needs for food, shelter, housing, educational and medical services, and (b) limited access to basic services such as potable water supply, public transportation, publicly supplied electricity and drainage and sewer facilities. With its definition of poverty in mind, the book goes on to do an excellent job of covering the skewed nature of public service deliveries throughout urban settings within Asian cities. However, one absolutely essential service that deserves more coverage is fire prevention and suppression. Fires in crowded urban slum areas (where the poor live in flammable shacks in close proximity to each other in which they cook and heat in dangerous ways) spread rapidly and dangerously. Without adequate fire suppression and prevention services, the poor stand to lose everything. The volume's contributors also point out that poverty is both relative and absolute and varying degrees of poverty require different mixes of poverty eradication and alleviation initiatives. Within Asian cities, the basic needs approach to poverty alleviation is often used and this means relying on state assistance (supplemental income) given by government to the elderly, unemployed and disabled individuals (p. 13). Poverty eradication can be promoted (at least minimally) via public policies and programmes that improve the ability of low income hawkers and cart peddlers to gain access to marketing facilities that generate additional income thereby permitting them to meet their basic needs on more sustainable bases. …

In Ghana, little is known about the drivers of inequities of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in healthcare facilities (HCFs). We aim to examine the status and factors driving access to basic WASH services in Ghana. This survey involved an analysis of routine health service data submitted to the District Information Management System 2 (DHIMS 2). Complete data were available for 1,646 HCFs across Ghana for analysis. Coverage of basic Water, Sanitation and hygiene services was 69, 58, and 64%, respectively. About 50% had a WASH-IPC action plan, and 67% had a WASH-IPC manager who is responsible for the day-to-day WASH management. Regional inequities in access to basic WASH services exist, with the newly established regions and those in Northern Ghana being disadvantaged. Significant drivers of basic WASH services were the location of HCF, the level of service delivery, and availability of a trained facility-based assistant WASH manager. WASH services in Ghanaian HCFs have improved, but it is still not up to the standards set by the Sustainable Development Goals for WASH. Universal access to basic WASH services can be attained by mounting targeted WASH interventions and appointing WASH-IPC managers at all levels of the health system.

The Village Fund is a fund sourced from the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget that is designated for the Village that is transferred through Budget 21 of the District / City Expenditure and is used to finance the administration, and the empowerment of the community. (Law Number 6 Year 2014 Article 1 About the Village). The Village Fund is managed in an orderly manner, obedient to the provisions of legislation, efficient, economical, effective, transparent and accountable with due regard to the sense of justice and compliance and prioritizing the interests of the community. With the Village Fund, the village government is required to manage the village funds effectively and accountably. effective is the extent to which the target (quantity, quality and time) has been achieved by the village government in the utilization of village funds. &#x0D; This research is conducted to give an illustration of the extent of the impact of village funds in village development in Tunjungtirto Village Singosari Subdistrict and whether the village funds are used according to the program. The impact analysis focuses on the areas of development which includs the construction of basic facilities and infrastructure, the construction of basic social service facilities and infrastructure, the construction of economic facilities and infrastructure. Based on the program of the implementation of village funding during the last three years from 2015 to 2017, it can be explained that the impact of village funds on the development of Tunjungtirto village are: First, in the field of basic infrastructure facilities, an improvement of residential environment and transportation in the area Tunjungtirto has been made because a number of programs have been carried out for the development of physical facilities and infrastructure such as the construction and improvement of existing water drainage in the neighborhoods of each RT in the Tunjung Tirto Village area, the environmental supporting facilities of the Garbage Disposal Site (TPS). 2. Secondly in the field of social services infrastructure, has had a very good impact on the education needs of children and health of residents in the village Tunjungtirto with the program development activities and repairs of school buildings early childhood, Taman Pendidikan Alquran (TPQ), health posts in some RT and RW in the village Tunjungtirto. 3. The three impacts of the economic infrastructure, by providing facilities by building a community economic facility (Sareko) on the Karangploso highway to provide an ease of place to sell various results of economic activities based on the household.&#x0D; The conclusions of the research results are: 1. Village Fund Implementation in Tunjungtirto Village has been implemented for development activity program in accordance with development priority set by Permendes PDTT, 2. Determination of Program of development activity funded by Village Fund is done through participative process (buttom up) , transparent and accountable by implementing Deliberation of Village Development Plan (Musrenbangdes). 3. The Impact of Village Funds in the development of village development areas covering basic infrastructure, basic social service facilities, and economic infrastructure have a positive impact for the village community. 4. The impact of village funds on community empowerment is useful in mobilizing household-based economic activities in management, production and distribution. 5. Impact of Village Funds for Village Governments can give acceleration of village development in order to achieve the vision and mission of Tunjungtirto village government in RPJMDes.