Accelerated carbonation treatment of industrial wastes

The treatment and disposal of industrial waste has become a critical economic and environmental issue with the ever-increasing rates of its generation. Industries in India, as major players in building the economy and GDP, expel about 7.4 million tons of hazardous waste annually, out of which around 3.98 million tons are recyclable for resource or energy recovery. India's scenario in the usage of alternative fuel and raw material is less than 1%, which reflects a huge quantum of hazardous waste for potential usage in alternative fuel and raw material. The Netherlands, with around 83% of total hazardous waste, is the highest user of hazardous waste as alternative fuel and raw material in cement kilns. Uncontrolled waste management degrades land, ground water and air quality, leading to health risks to humans, animals and the ecosystem. Presently, industrial waste in most cases is disposed to landfills after incineration, without utilizing the full potential of the wastes through recirculation. The present study analyzed the current situation of the treatment facilities for attaining a sustainable management system using waste as alternative fuel and raw material for the disposal of hazardous waste. Through the alternative fuel and raw material concept, hazardous wastes can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels and/or raw material in a few types of industries. This will surely enhance the efficient recirculation of industrial wastes. This paper presents the overall view of Indian hazardous-waste generating industries, their locations, the potential of wastes as alternate sources of fuel to other industries, the use of alternative fuel and raw material by cement industries and applicable regulatory requirements.

For many petroleum engineers, the depth and complexity of environmental issues facing the industry can be overwhelming. Although many excellent papers have been presented on specific environmental areas, overview papers that provide a context for those more specialized studies are needed. This paper reviews the primary sources of wastes in the upstream petroleum industry, the environmental impacts of those wastes, ways to manage, treat, and dispose of wastes, and cleanup methods for contaminated sites.

Hydrocarbon gas often contains some amounts of heavier hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components that contribute to its properties (i.e. viscosity and density). Prediction of the density and viscosity values for hydrocarbon gases is necessary in several hydrocarbon gas engineering calculations such as the calculation of gas reserves, gas metering, gas compression, estimating the pressure gradient in gas wells and for the design of pipeline and surface facilities. Literature correlations for the density and viscosity of pure hydrocarbon gas such as methane, ethane, propane, butane and isobutene are available. However, wide-ranging and accurate correlations for predicting the gas viscosity and density are not available for gas mixtures associated with heavier hydrocarbon components and impurities components such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen sulphide. This paper presents two new models for estimating the density and viscosity of pure hydrocarbon gases and hydrocarbon gas mixtures containing high amounts of pentane, plus small concentrations of non-hydrocarbon components (i.e. carbon dioxide, nitrogen and helium), over a wide range of temperatures and pressures on the basis of fuzzy logic approach. The density model was developed using apparent molecular weight, pseudo-reduced temperature and pseudo-reduced pressure. However, the viscosity model was developed using density, apparent molecular weight and pseudo-reduced temperature. The fuzzy models were derived from 5,350 measurements of density and viscosity of various pure gases and gas mixtures. The partitioning of the input space into the fuzzy regions, represented by the individual rules, was obtained through fuzzy clustering. Accuracy of the new fuzzy models was compared to various literature correlations by blind tests using 1,460 measurements of density and viscosity. The results show that the new fuzzy models are more accurate than the compared correlations. Introduction Accurate determination of the density, viscosity and phase behaviour of pure hydrocarbon gases and hydrocarbon gas mixtures is essential for reliable reservoir characterization and simulation and, hence, for optimum usage and exploitation. The variety of possible natural gas mixtures at different conditions of interest preclude obtaining the relevant data by experimental means alone, thus, requiring the development of prediction methods. Natural gas is a mixture of many components. Wide ranging correlations for the viscosity of the lower alkanes, such as methane, ethane, propane, butane and iso-butane, have already been developed and are available in the literature(1–3). However, wide-ranging correlations are often not readily available for many of the higher alkanes and impurities such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. These impurities may be present in small quantities in natural gas and are important when modelling the mixture properties(4). In this paper, the fuzzy logic technique was applied for developing new efficient empirical models to estimate density and viscosity of pure hydrocarbon gases (from methane to pentane) and hydrocarbon gas mixtures (different gas mixtures of methane with ethane and/or propane,...., n-Decane) containing small concentrations of non-hydrocarbon components (i.e. carbon dioxide, nitrogen and helium) over a wide range of temperatures (0–238 °C) and pressures (1–890 bar). The new models are designed to be simpler and more efficient than the existing equations of state (EOS).

Pollution from the electric power sector in Japan and efficient pollution reduction

Chapter 5 - Processing procedures to extract helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide

The current status of the treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes in China is summarized on the basis of the results of the Declaring and Registration Project initiated nationally in 1995. A principle framework for the sound management of hazardous wastes is proposed, which includes three levels of technical solutions. Large-scale enterprises are encouraged to recycle, to treat, and to dispose of wastes by means of constructing facilities, and to have their extra capacities available to the public for a reasonable fee. Municipal governments, provincial governments, and the Central Government are to plan and construct centralized facilities to recycle, treat, and dispose of wastes. For a solution at the manufacturing level, recycling is identified as the main approach. Centralized facilities at the municipal level will mainly focus on special wastes that are unsuitable to transport and store, such as hospital waste, and for the technical solution at this level, incineration and recycling are identified as the main approaches. For the technical solution at the provincial and national levels, landfill and incineration are identified as the main approaches. Based on this principle and the current available data on hazardous wastes, a preliminary plan for the spatial distribution of cross-provincial centralized treatment and disposal facilities of hazardous wastes is presented. The construction of approximately nine cross-provincial comprehensive facilities is proposed. A priority list for the construction of these planned facilities is also presented.

Globally, the cement industry accounts for approximately 5 percent of current anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) emissions. World cement demand and production are increasing significantly, leading to an increase in this industry's absolute energy use and CO{sub 2} emissions. Development of new energy-efficiency and CO{sub 2} emission-reduction technologies and their deployment in the market will be key for the cement industry's mid- and long-term climate change mitigation strategies. This report is an initial effort to compile available information on process description, energy savings, environmental and other benefits, costs, commercialization status, and references for emerging technologies to reduce the cement industry's energy use and CO{sub 2} emissions. Although studies from around the world identify a variety of sector-specific and cross-cutting energy-efficiency technologies for the cement industry that have already been commercialized, information is scarce and/or scattered regarding emerging or advanced energy-efficiency and low-carbon technologies that are not yet commercialized. This report consolidates available information on nineteen emerging technologies for the cement industry, with the goal of providing engineers, researchers, investors, cement companies, policy makers, and other interested parties with easy access to a well-structured database of information on these technologies.

Utilization of solid wastes to sequestrate carbon dioxide in cement-based materials and methods to improve carbonation degree: A review

Anthropogenic effects on the distribution of minor chemical constituents in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere – A model study

Potential energy savings and CO2 emissions reduction of China's cement industry

Limits to Paris compatibility of CO2 capture and utilization

Resolving public conflict in site selection process—a risk communication approach

The cement industry though the backbone of modern construction and civilization is associated with the emission of diverse atmospheric pollutants with numerous attendant effects on the balance of ecosystem, human and environmental health and the global climate in general. Despite the huge advantages derivable from the industry, exploitation and processing of cement must be done in a sustainable manner to prevent irreversible damage to human, animal and vegetation health as well as the environment. Research papers were reviewed from different databases like ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google scholar, and Scopus the chief air pollutants are the inorganic gaseous emissions (carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of sulphur SO2), particulates of various size ranges and elemental emissions. The present study carries out holistic review of the cement production process with a view to identifying the principal air pollutants, sources and associated environmental issues. The study also reviews the pollution control measures currently in use and calls for a concerted effort from researchers, industry operators and regulators at working to reduce emissions with a view to upholding environmental sustainability.

In modern conditions, the problem of processing and disposal of household and industrial waste, both for the Russian Federation and most countries of the world, extremely aggravated and requires new approaches to its solution. The purpose of the submitted article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the system of supporting investment projects in the Russian Federation in the field of processing and disposal of waste. The methodology of the analysis was based on the assessment of the effectiveness of the measures taken in terms of the management of production and consumption waste in the Russian Federation, including a comprehensive study and generalization of existing support measures in the field of waste management and disposal, including those provided by the public law company for the formation of an integrated system of solid municipal waste management «Russian Environmental Operator». The authors summarized the dynamics of education, disposal, disposal and disposal of production waste and consumption in the Russian Federation in 2010-2020. Investment tools are systematized, which have the right to use a public-legal company for the formation of a comprehensive system for the treatment of solid communal waste "Russian ecological operator". The analysis carried out in the course of the study showed that the sphere of solid municipal waste management in Russia is characterized by the presence of many shortcomings and high risks of the implementation of the federal project «Integrated System of Solid Municipal Waste Management», as well as a low level of attraction of private investments in the industry due to high risks implementation of investment projects in the studied area. Conclusions and analytical generalizations made according to the results of the study can be applied in practice during the substantiation and introduction of optimal mechanisms for the support of investment projects in the field of processing and disposal of waste, taking into account the developed hikes to their typing and specification.

Cost-Benefit Decisions Integrating Business and Eco-Management Results in Best Environmental Practice in Drilling and Well Operations