Accelerated Carbonation Curing as a Means of Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions

The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is one of the main causes of global warming. Remote sensing technology has become an important means of monitoring the distribution of carbon dioxide gas. By remotely monitoring the temporal and spatial distributions of atmospheric carbon dioxide, people can further deepen their understanding of the global carbon process. The GOSAT (Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite) CO2 L4B concentration data from 2010 to 2015 were validated using local station atmospheric data. The spatial and temporal distributions of the carbon dioxide concentration and its variation characteristics were analyzed. Based on the total primary productivity data and human emissions of carbon dioxide data, the influencing factors of spatial variations in carbon dioxide were analyzed. The results show that: (1) The correlation coefficient between GOSATL4B data and ground-measured data is above 0.95, which indicates that the remotely acquired data have high precision and stability. (2) The spatial distribution characteristics of carbon dioxide at different atmospheric pressure heights are quite different. The variation in the long-term series mean of carbon dioxide concentration levels at 17 vertical heights was studied. The fluctuations in concentration changes at different height levels vary, and the closer to the surface, the greater the fluctuation is. The near-surface carbon dioxide concentration (975 hPa) has the largest fluctuation. When the atmospheric pressure is low (for example, 150 or 100 hPa), the high carbon dioxide concentration region is banded and concentrated near the equator. The trends in carbon dioxide concentration over land and sea surfaces are similar, and the common pattern is that the concentration of carbon dioxide has been increasing. (3) The near-surface carbon dioxide concentration (975 hPa) has clearly different spatial characteristics. There are four high-value centers across the globe: East Asia, western Europe, the US East Coast, and Central Africa. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere near the ground is higher than that in the Southern Hemisphere. The fluctuation in the Southern Hemisphere is relatively small, and the trend is opposite that in the Northern Hemisphere. (4) The concentration of carbon dioxide showed a significant growth trend during the study period. By studying the change characteristics of the monthly global average at the 975 hPa level (approximately 300 m above sea level) from January 2010 to October 2015, it can be seen that the global CO2 concentration has been above 400 ppm for most of the year, and it is increasing each year. (5) Compared with the Southern Hemisphere, the cyclical changes in carbon dioxide concentration in the Northern Hemisphere are obvious and large, while the trend in the Southern Hemisphere is relatively stable, and the change is small. There are opposite trends in the cyclical changes in the carbon dioxide concentration in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. When the carbon concentration in the Northern Hemisphere resides over the annual high-value area, the Southern Hemisphere has a low-value area of carbon dioxide concentration every year. In addition, the change in carbon dioxide concentration during the year is obvious with seasonal changes. This should be related to changes in vegetation phenology and different seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (6) Four countries in East Asia (Korea, Mongolia, Japan and China) from 2010 to 2014 were selected to analyze the relationship between GPP (gross primary production) and near-surface carbon dioxide concentration. These two factors have a significant inverse correlation. When carbon dioxide is at a minimum, the GPP is at its peak, and when carbon dioxide reaches its peak, the GPP reaches a minimum. The above relationship fully indicates that terrestrial ecosystems play an important role as carbon sink contributors in the carbon cycle. (7) The relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide data from human activities from the Global Atmospheric Research Emissions Database was analyzed. The former is significantly and positively correlated with carbon dioxide emissions caused by human activities, indicating that human activities are an important factor in the increase in carbon dioxide.

Adopted by Council December 1998Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have substantially increased as a consequence of fossil fuel combustion and other human activities. These elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases are predicted to persist in the atmosphere for times ranging to thousands of years. Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases affect the Earth‐atmosphere energy balance, enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and thereby exerting a warming influence at the Earth's surface. Although greenhouse gas concentrations and their climatic influences are projected to increase, the detailed response of the system is uncertain. Principal sources of this uncertainty are the climate system's inherent complexity and natural variability.The increase in global mean surface temperatures over the past 150 years appears to be unusual in the context of the last few centuries, but it is not clearly outside the range of climate variability of the last few thousand years. The geologic record of the more distant past provides evidence of larger climate variations associated with changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide. These changes appear to be consistent with present understanding of the radiative properties of carbon dioxide and the influence of climate on the carbon cycle.There is no known geologic precedent for the transfer of carbon from the Earth's crust to atmospheric carbon dioxide, in quantities comparable to the burning of fossil fuels, without simultaneous changes in other parts of the carbon cycle and climate system.This close coupling between atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate suggests that a change in one would in all likelihood be accompanied by a change in the other.

This work is executed to predict the variation in global temperature and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from climate change and global warming, taking into consideration the natural climate cycle. A mathematical model was developed using a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) with Long–Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. Data sets of global temperature were collected from 800,000 BC to 1950 AD from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Furthermore, another data set was obtained from The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) climate website. This contained records from 1880 to 2019 of global temperature and carbon dioxide levels. Curve fitting techniques, employing Sin, Exponential, and Fourier Series functions, were utilized to reconstruct both NOAA and NASA data sets, unifying them on a consistent time scale and expanding data size by representing the same information over smaller periods. The fitting quality, assessed using the R-squared measure, ensured a thorough process enhancing the model's accuracy and providing a more precise representation of historical climate data. Subsequently, the time-series data were converted into a supervised format for effective use with the LSTM model for prediction purposes. Augmented by the Mean Squared Error (MSE) as the analyzed loss function, normalization techniques, and refined data representation from curve fitting the LSTM model revealed a sharp increase in global temperature, reaching a temperature rise of 4.8 °C by 2100. Moreover, carbon dioxide concentrations will continue to boom, attaining a value of 713 ppm in 2100. In addition, the findings indicated that the RNN algorithm (LSTM model) provided higher accuracy and reliable forecasting results as the prediction outputs were closer to the international climate models and were found to be in good agreement. This study contributes valuable insights into the trajectory of global temperature and GHG emissions, emphasizing the potential of LSTM models in climate prediction.

The recent publication of the summary for policy makers by Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [1] has injected a renewed sense of urgency to address climate change. It is therefore timely to review the notion of preventing 'dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system' as put forward in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The article by Danny Harvey in this issue [2] offers a fresh perspective by rephrasing the concept of 'dangerous interference' as a problem of risk assessment. As Harvey points out, identification of 'dangerous interference' does not require us to know with certainty that future climate change will be dangerous—an impossible task given that our knowledge about future climate change includes uncertainty. Rather, it requires the assertion that interference would lead to a significant probability of dangerous climate change beyond some risk tolerance, and therefore would pose an unacceptable risk.

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have substantially increased as a consequence of fossil fuel combustion and other human activities. These elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases are predicted to persist in the atmosphere for times ranging to thousands of years. Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases affect the Earth‐atmosphere energy balance, enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and thereby exerting a warming influence at the Earth's surface. Although greenhouse gas concentrations and their climatic influences are projected to increase, the detailed response of the system is uncertain. Principal sources of this uncertainty are the climate system's inherent complexity and natural variability The increase in global mean surface temperatures over the past 150 years appears to be unusual in the context of the last few centuries, but it is not clearly outside the range of climate variability of the last few thousand years.The geologic record of the more distant past provides evidence of larger climate variations associated with changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide. These changes appear to be consistent with present understanding of the radiative properties of carbon dioxide and the influence of climate on the carbon cycle.There is no known geologic precedent for the transfer of carbon from the Earth's crust to atmospheric carbon dioxide, in quantities comparable to the burning of fossil fuels, without simultaneous changes in other parts of the carbon cycle and climate system.This close coupling between atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate suggests that a change in one would in all likelihood be accompanied by a change in the other.

Concerns about climate change and the role of fossil fuel use

In our region, we have witnessed in the last few years and even decades, that there are big climate changes. Observed through the seasons, we can notice that winters have a smaller number of icy days as well as a smaller amount of precipitation, and summers are increasingly hot with an increased number of warm days. The consequences that today's man encounters in his living environment are great, through the increased emissions of greenhouse gases, which as a result led to the disruption of the energy balance. The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased by about 31% in the last 250 years, compared to the before industrial period, followed by methane (CH4), which has influenced the increase in global temperature by about 30% compared to the same period. With the increase in human activities, there is also an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as methane (CH4). More and more emphasis is being placed on building a pleasant urban environment through improving the environment and reducing increased greenhouse gas emissions. Through legislation and strategies in the Republic of Serbia, investors are responding to the use of the best available technologies when building energy and other facilities, so that optimal use of available energy, energy efficiency and environmental protection are ensured.

Climate change is an important topic that needs to be addressed soon. As the consequences of climate change are extremely serious, such as ocean acidification and extreme weather conditions, it is paramount to learn what are the causes behind the phenomenon to battle it effectively. In this work, authors modeled the relationship between global temperatures and atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide on a dataset of 65 years using linear regression, decision tree regression, random forest regression, and Artificial Neural Network. Authors have analyzed the performance of these machine learning algorithms on the data and established that ANN outperforms the other algorithms on the basis of mean square error. Further authors have calculated the importance of each feature (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) using the best performing model-ANN and proved that the contribution of carbon dioxide in the increase of global temperatures is the maximum of the given greenhouse gases.

Annual CO2 emissions (in 1000 Mt) %

The paper is devoted to the analysis of climate change issues and the transition to renewable energy sources. The features of the current climate situation are associated with a general increase in the average global temperature as a result of an extremely high concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, the amount of which is increasing and posing a threat to the stability of the global ecological system as a whole. Taking into consideration the fact that the main share of CO2 emissions is accounted for by energy consumption (which experienced over the entire timeline of history transitions fr om one type of energy resources to another – fr om biomass to coal, fr om coal to oil and from oil to natural gas), the authors analyze the possibilities of transitioning to renewable energy sources (RES) forecasted to take place by the second half of the 21st century. They carry out mathematical modeling of this transition with various scenarios for the future of the fuel and energy balance in the 21st century. For this, the authors have developed a specialized mathematical model that takes into account current trends in energy consumption based on the data from the largest energy companies and international organizations in the energy sector, such as BP, Equinor, Shell, International Energy Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and others. Three scenarios for the increase in the average global temperature of the surface atmosphere in the 21st century are proposed: the conservative scenario, the ambitious scenario, and the Net Zero scenario. The conservative scenario assumes that government policies, technologies and social preferences continue to evolve in the same way as in the recent past. The ambitious scenario envisages the introduction of measures leading to a significant reduction in carbon emissions from energy use, which in turn makes it possible to lim it the increase in global temperature in the 21st century. The Net Zero scenario, which the authors consider the optimal one, assumes that the measures proposed in the ambitious scenario are complemented and reinforced by significant changes in the behavior and preferences of society. The paper details modern energy-efficient technologies and methods of using renewable energy sources, the implementation of which is envisaged in the framework of the optimal Net Zero scenario.

As the global carbon dioxide concentration rises, we need to understand the combination of direct stress effects of this gas and the anticipated effects of climatic change, including drought, on the physiology and growth of all crops [1]. The current increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration along with predictions of possible future increases in global air temperatures have stimulated interest in the effects of CO2 and temperature on the growth and yield of food crops [2] 2 has been documented continuously since 1958 by Keeling et al. [3], and currently the concentration of CO2 in air is about 360 μL L . The concentration could increase to about 670–760 μL L 1 by the year 2075 mainly because of the burning of fossil fuels [4,5]. General circulation models predict that global warming will result from rising CO2 and other greenhouse gases [6–11]. The stress effects of rising CO2 and elevated temperatures on tropical plants have received less attention than the effects on temperate species [12]. Because both CO2 and temperature have large effects on plants, especially those with the C3 photosynthetic pathway, it is important to quantify the effects of these climatic variables on C3 food crops [10]. Concern over the well-documented increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere has stimulated research on the response of plants to this aspect of global change. Much of this research has focused on the response of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation, because the process is often dramatically and directly affected by the carbon dioxide concentration, and it is of fundamental importance both to plant growth and to ecosystem carbon storage. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmo-

Last year was one for the record books. In 2006, the United States experienced the warmest surface temperature since 1895. It was also the eleventh year since 1995 to rank among the warmest worldwide ever recorded. The decade prior saw many other extreme weather events. In 2003, a brutal summer heat wave in Europe killed at least 22,000 people. In 1998, Hurricane Mitch stalled over Central America and released six feet of rain, causing massive mudslides and claiming 11,000 lives. After that storm, Honduras reported thousands of cases of cholera, malaria, and dengue fever.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports indicate that the global mean temperature is about one-degree Celsius higher than pre-industrial levels, that this increase is anthropogenic, and that there is a causal relationship between this higher temperature and an increase in frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events. This causal relationship seems at odds with common sense, and may be difficult to explain to non-experts. Thus to appreciate the significance of a one-degree increase in global mean temperature, we perform back-of-the-envelope calculations relying on simple physics. We estimate the excess thermal energy trapped in the climate system (oceans, land, atmosphere) from a one-degree Celsius increase in global mean temperature, and show that it is thousands of times larger than the estimated energy required to form and maintain a hurricane. Our estimates show that global warming is forming a very large pool of excess energy that could in principle power heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and hurricanes. The arguments presented here are sufficiently simple to be presented in introductory physics classes, and can serve as plausibility arguments showing that even a seemingly small increase in global mean temperature can potentially lead to extreme weather events.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports indicate that the global mean temperature is about 1 °C higher than pre-industrial levels, that this increase is anthropogenic, and that there is a causal relationship between this higher temperature and an increase in frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events. This causal relationship seems at odds with common sense, and may be difficult to explain to non-experts. Thus to appreciate the significance of a one degree increase in global mean temperature, we perform back-of-the-envelope calculations relying on simple physics. We estimate the excess thermal energy trapped in the climate system (oceans, land, atmosphere) from a 1 °C increase in global mean temperature, and show that it is thousands of times larger than the estimated energy required to form and maintain a hurricane. Our estimates show that global warming is forming a very large pool of excess energy that could in principle power heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and hurricanes. The arguments presented here are sufficiently simple to be presented in introductory physics classes, and can serve as plausibility arguments showing that even a seemingly small increase in global mean temperature can potentially lead to extreme weather events.

To mitigate climate change at local, regional, and global scales, we must begin to think beyond greenhouse gases.