Abstract
At first glance, algebraic specification techniques may seem to have less relevance to industrial applications than other methods. They are, however, worth studying because they benefit from extensive theoretical research and have had a great influence on other specification techniques, and more importantly, on computer science in general, notably with the concept of the abstract data type. Typing is a well-known concept in computer science. It is not only a means of protection against a number of mistakes, but also a methodological tool. We start with an informal discussion of the uses of typing and several interpretations of this notion. As a first approximation, a type can be regarded as a set. Unfortunately, one has to be more cautious with this interpretation, than one would expect. We will therefore consider more abstract concepts of a type.
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