Abstract
Background: Left ventricular (LV) twist is characterized by apical and basal rotation in opposite directions due to the helical orientation of the myocardial fibers in the normal heart. Methods: We developed a torsion model of pumped fresh pig hearts. A model with a variable-speed motor was used to rotate pig hearts in a water bath. We studied 3 pig hearts; the base of each heart was rotated at 0°, 10°, 15° and 20°, with the apex fixed to avoid translational motion. Stroke volumes (SV) of 40, 60 and 70 ml were used. Three-dimensional images were obtained with a Siemens Acuson SC2000 ultrasound system at maximized frame rates and measured using a new 4D strain and twist analysis program developed by Siemens. Results: Measured apical and basal rotations increased in a pattern similar to the actual rotations. As SVs increased, apical LV rotation also increased accordingly (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Increasing SV in this model correlated with increases in mid level and apical rotation, which can be explained by the helical orientation of myocardial fibers and demonstrated with Siemen's new 4D strain and twist analysis program.
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