About the Cover - Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Volume 58(1)

The year 2018 marks the 50-year anniversary of Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research (AAAR). During this time period AAAR (formerly Arctic and Alpine Research, AAR) has provided an important outle...

The Antarctic Offshore Stratigraphy project ( ANTOSTRAT; 1989–2002) was an extremely successful collaboration in international marine geological science that also lifted the perceived “veil of secrecy” from studies of potential exploitation of Antarctic marine mineral resources. The project laid the groundwork for circumAntarctic seismic, drilling, and rock coring programs designed to decipher Antarctica’s tectonic, stratigraphic, and climate histories. In 2002, ANTOSTRAT evolved into the equally successful and currently active Antarctic Climate Evolution research program. The need for, and evolution of, ANTOSTRAT was based on two simple tenets within SCAR and the Antarctic Treaty: international science collaboration and open access to data. The ANTOSTRAT project may be a helpful analog for other regions of strong international science and geopolitical interests, such as the Arctic. This is the ANTOSTRAT story. ANTARCTIC OFFSHORE STRATIGRAPHY PROJECT: THE EARLY YEARS In 1986, the science community established the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Group of Specialists on Cenozoic Paleoenvironments in Southern High Latitudes to study and assess geologic sample and core data as well as geophysical remote sensing data to better comprehend Antarctica’s geologic history and its impact on global sea level and climate change (Figure 1). Recognizing that Antarctica is 98% ice covered, the Antarctic Alan Cooper (emeritus), U.S. Geological Survey, and Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University. Peter Barker (retired), British Antarctic Survey, and Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham. Peter Barrett, Antarctic Research Centre and New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington. John Behrendt, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, and (emeritus) U.S. Geological Survey. Giuliano Brancolini (retired), Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale. Jonathan Childs, U.S. Geological Survey. Carlota Escutia, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas–Universidad de Granada. Wilfried Jokat, Alfred Wegener Institute. Yngve Kristoffersen, Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen. German Leitchenkov, Research Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the World Ocean, VNIIOkeangeologia. Howard Stagg (retired), Geoscience Australia. Manabu Tanahashi, Geological Survey of Japan. Nigel Wardell, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale. Peter Webb, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University. 2 2 4 • S C I E N C E D I P L O M A C Y Offshore Stratigraphy project (ANTOSTRAT) was established under the aegis of the Group of Specialists to focus geoscience investigations on Antarctica’s offshore regions (Cooper and Webb, 1992). The stated objective of ANTOSTRAT was to bring together all research groups responsible for collecting offshore geological and geophysical data, to collaborate in field and laboratory studies directed toward understanding Cenozoic paleoenvironments, to plan future offshore geologic studies, and to promote scientific deep drilling. preluDe To poTenTIal MarIne MInerals Data relevant to ANTOSTRAT had been collected in Antarctica since the early 1970s, but these were commonly unavailable to anyone except the data collectors (or to collaborators via private data exchange agreements). The geologic and geophysical data collected during the preANTOSTRAT years were also being used for assessments of offshore mineral resources by national, academic, and corporate research groups. Because many of the offshore geologic and geophysical data, especially the seismic reflection data, were not openly accessible, there was a perceived “veil of secrecy” on the eventual uses of ongoing geoscientific studies. Many beyond the Antarctic community were asking whether these studies were for research purposes or for mineral exploration. In the decade preceding the establishment of ANTOSTRAT, interest in Antarctica’s potential mineral resources was increasing (e.g., Behrendt, 1983; Splettstoesser and Dreschhoff, 1990), with the escalating price and demand for such resources. The most important of these resources were hydrocarbons. collaBoraTIon In scIence With the implementation of ANTOSTRAT in 1989 and the first ANTOSTRAT symposium in April 1990 (Cooper and Webb, 1990), at which the emphasis was on offshore geoscience data, the level of interest in the science and geopolitics of the offshore areas blossomed. At the 1990 symposium, the groundwork for collaboration in studying the offshore data was laid down with the formation of working groups for the five principal marine regions around the Antarctic continent accessible by surface vessels (i.e., Ross Sea, Wilkes Land, Prydz Bay, Weddell Sea, and Antarctic Peninsula). The working groups were tasked to collate, analyze, and publish collaborative research papers on the geoscience data from each region. The first tenet of ANTOSTRAT (i.e., collaboration in science) was now in place, and the interest in, and support for, ANTOSTRAT gained momentum among all countries engaged in conducting marine surveys of the Antarctic margin. THE ANTARCTIC SEISMIC DATA LIBRARY SYSTEM FOR COOPERATIVE RESEARCH: OPEN ACCESS TO DATA—A LINK TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY There was, however, still no mechanism in place for open access to the most valuable of all Earth science data FIGURE 1. The ANTOSTRAT logo and an early 1990s ANTOSTRAT model linking global sea levels to Antarctic ice sheet history (modified from Cooper and Webb, 1992). C O O P E R / T H E A N T O S T R AT L E G A C Y • 2 2 5 for research and hydrocarbon exploration: multichannel seismic reflection (MCS) data (Figure 2). The MCS data are used to image the structure of the Earth, from the seafloor down to 10 km or more below the sea floor. Such information is needed to decipher how continents and their margins formed. They also help to identify where hydrocarbons may be present. The MCS data are therefore both a powerful research tool and a basic and widely used tool in the exploration for petroleum. A key criterion for establishing their intended use is the level of access to the data. MCS data used for research purposes will be openly accessible to others (via publication and later release), but data collected for commercial exploration purposes will rarely be made accessible. In late 1990, with the level of debate on Antarctica’s mineral resources increasing, it was clear to members of the ANTOSTRAT steering committee that the second tenet of ANTOSTRAT (i.e., open access to data in accord with Article III of the Antarctic Treaty) needed to be addressed promptly to clearly demonstrate that ANTOSTRAT was truly a science project and not mineral exploration of Antarctica undertaken under another name. In April 1991, ANTOSTRAT convened a special workshop in Oslo, Norway, to develop and agree to a system by which the highly valued MCS data would be made openly accessible. This would help ANTOSTRAT move forward faster with its collaborative science agenda of making circumAntarctic maps needed for understanding Antarctica’s geologic and climate history. FIGURE 2. Multichannel seismic reflection (MCS) data. Maps showing track lines of data: (A) collected before 1988 (modified from Behrendt, 1990) and (B) collected as of late 2009 (about 350,000 km). (C) Example MCS profile across the Ross Sea with seismic stratigraphic units (RSS) and Deep Sea Drilling Project site noted (modified from Cooper et al. 2009). About 275,000 km of MCS data are now in the SDLS. 2 2 6 • S C I E N C E D I P L O M A C Y The Oslo workshop included lead scientists from groups in the 11 countries that had collected MCS data (Cooper and the ANTOSTRAT Steering Committee, 1991; Figure 2A,C).1 The participants developed a plan for a new science data library. All participants agreed to the plan and forwarded an outline of it to the XVI Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (October 1991). There the outline statement was discussed and adopted as Recommendation XVI12, thereby formalizing the SCAR Antarctic Seismic Data Library System for Cooperative Research (SDLS) as part of the Antarctic Treaty System (Figure 3). The second tenet of ANTOSTRAT (i.e., open access to data) was now in place. In the same year, 1991, the Madrid Protocol on Antarctic Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Antarctic Treaty System, 1991) was signed establishing a 50year moratorium on resource exploration and exploitation. The MCS data can be used for both exploration and basic research, yet the adoption of the SDLS into the treaty opened access to these data and removed the perceived veil of secrecy about how they were being used. Because MCS data are critical for understanding Earth history and paleoclimates, they continue to be collected and made openly available for research purposes.

Comment and Reply on ‘Comparison of uranium-series, radiocarbon, and amino acid data from marine molluscs, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada’

Exhumation by debris flows in the 2013 Colorado Front Range storm

Anomalous local glacier activity, Baffin Island, Canada: Paleoclimatic implications

Kotzebue Sound comprises a large part of the Northwest Arctic Borough (NAB) shoreline. It has a diverse coastal geomorphology. Natural coastal dynamics and global sea-level rise (SLR) are contributing to changes in the erosion and accretion of beaches. Recently published data from the joint project of the University of Colorado (Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research) and National Park Service (Arctic Network Inventory and Monitoring Program) for the first time makes systematic quantitative analysis of coastal changes along the Northwest Alaskan coast possible. This study is based on shoreline indicators derived from 112 aerial photographs, spanning more than 50 years, from 1950 to 2003, processed by research staff at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. The images were used in this study to locate and digitize the shoreline indicators for 1950, 1980, and 2003. Integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Digital Ahoreline Analysis System (DSAS) provided quantitative measurements of historical coastal changes. Projections of SLR in the Arctic from climate models and historical erosion data were used to estimate future erosion rates. The results show mean erosion rates of −0.12 to −0.08 m/yr in the region from 1950 to 2003. The northern and southern shorelines showed erosion between 1950 and 1980, but slight accretion/stabilization between 1980 and 2003. These changes possibly correlate with Aleutian low anomaly variations that affected the climate in the area of study. On the basis of the predictions of SLR in the Arctic for 2000–2049 and 2050–2100, mean erosion rates may increase to 0.6–1.65 m/yr. This would translate into an approximately 70–1000-m retreat of the shore, depending on its slope, composition, and geomorphologic type. These results help to assess coastal vulnerability and can contribute to regional planning efforts.

Proposed Extent of Late Wisconsin Laurentide Ice on Eastern Baffin Island

Research Article| September 01, 1995 Tree-ring dating of pre-1980 volcanic flowage deposits at Mount St. Helens, Washington David K. Yamaguchi; David K. Yamaguchi 1Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Richard P. Hoblitt Richard P. Hoblitt 2U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, 5400 MacArthur Boulevard, Vancouver, Washington 98661 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information David K. Yamaguchi 1Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309 Richard P. Hoblitt 2U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, 5400 MacArthur Boulevard, Vancouver, Washington 98661 Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (1995) 107 (9): 1077–1093. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<1077:TRDOPV>2.3.CO;2 Article history First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation David K. Yamaguchi, Richard P. Hoblitt; Tree-ring dating of pre-1980 volcanic flowage deposits at Mount St. Helens, Washington. GSA Bulletin 1995;; 107 (9): 1077–1093. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<1077:TRDOPV>2.3.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Tree-ring dating (ring-width pattern matching) was used to determine emplacement dates for eight subfossil-tree–bearing, pre-1980 pyroclastic-flow and lahar deposits in stream valleys draining Mount St. Helens, Washington. Limiting dates were also established for nine other pre-1980 flowage deposits from the ages of trees rooted on or near them, or from exhumed trees. The 17 new dates improve understanding of the chronology of events during and after Mount St. Helens's Kalama eruptive period, which extended from a.d. 1479 to the mid-1700s. We assign bracketing dates to the three phases of the Kalama eruptive period: 1479–1510 to the early Kalama, during which Mount St. Helens erupted explosive dacitic tephras, pyroclastic flows, and one or more domes; 1489–1566 to the middle Kalama, during which Mount St. Helens produced andesitic tephras, pyroclastic flows, and lava flows; and 1489–1750 to the late Kalama, during which Mount St. Helens again erupted dacite. Overlap of the brackets reflects the limits of our dating resolution. The revised chronology confirms that little time (perhaps 50 yr) elapsed between the end of Mount St. Helens's Kalama eruptive period and the start of the succeeding Goat Rocks eruptive period (a.d. 1800–1857). Eruptions apparently occurred sporadically during the entire 1479–1857 interval. The record also indicates that a large pyroclastic flow occurred 7–10 yr after the explosive eruptions that began the Kalama eruptive period. The dates further imply that extrusion of the pre-1980 summit dome continued intermittently for ≈ 100 yr and limit the ages of two tephras. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of relict tree-bearing deposits to volcanic history studies. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

First Joint Botanical Mountain Phylogeography Meeting in Zürich, June 1–3, 2001: Distribution patterns, group differentiation and the evolution of arctic and alpine plants have interested botanists for more than one hundred years. The impact of climatic effects on plant life in Europe during Pleistocene ice ages was recognised very early. Our knowledge on the dynamics of the ice cover during glaciation, the climate changes and postglacial re-immigration of plants is constantly increasing. In combination with molecular methods this offers us fascinating options to re-formulate the questions asked by pioneers of arctic and alpine research and to tackle them with a modern approach. Another reason for the recent popularity of arctic and alpine research is, that the Alps and the Arctic offer an especially suitable framework for investigations of evolutionary mechanisms, because their geological and climatological history is well known and their spatial dimensions are relatively limited. Each plant species is unique in its combination of ecological demands, distribution pattern, breeding or dispersal systems. Therefore, the question arises to what extent it is possible to generalise on the responses of arctic and alpine species to the ice ages. In this context, the quotation of BROCKMANN-JEROSCH &amp; BROCKMANN-JEROSCH (1926: 1111) is still as relevant as it was when originally released: «The natural history of the European flora is not at a conclusion; it rather is in the middle of process of change. The history of this flora is within one of these transition zones, in which several scientific fields come into contact, intermingle and are influencing each other. Such zones can be very attractive but also dangerous. […] If results gathered with different scientific methods match together and form a uniform picture, this might be very convincing. [But] this can easily be misleading, in the sense that researchers approach problems with a certain prejudice influenced by theoretical considerations, rather than to face these problems in an unbiased way. […] More and more, we should try to investigate all individual cases critically and to solely look at them without considering earlier conclusions and theories in their own and related sciences».

Research Article| December 01, 1986 Dating the upper Cenozoic sediments in Fisher Valley, southeastern Utah STEVEN M. COLMAN; STEVEN M. COLMAN 1U.S. Geological Survey, P.O. Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar ANNE F. CHOQUETTE; ANNE F. CHOQUETTE 1U.S. Geological Survey, P.O. Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar JOHN N. ROSHOLT; JOHN N. ROSHOLT 1U.S. Geological Survey, P.O. Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GIFFORD H. MILLER; GIFFORD H. MILLER 2Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar D. J. HUNTLEY D. J. HUNTLEY 3Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information STEVEN M. COLMAN 1U.S. Geological Survey, P.O. Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 ANNE F. CHOQUETTE 1U.S. Geological Survey, P.O. Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 JOHN N. ROSHOLT 1U.S. Geological Survey, P.O. Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 GIFFORD H. MILLER 2Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309 D. J. HUNTLEY 3Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (1986) 97 (12): 1422–1431. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1422:DTUCSI>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation STEVEN M. COLMAN, ANNE F. CHOQUETTE, JOHN N. ROSHOLT, GIFFORD H. MILLER, D. J. HUNTLEY; Dating the upper Cenozoic sediments in Fisher Valley, southeastern Utah. GSA Bulletin 1986;; 97 (12): 1422–1431. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1422:DTUCSI>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract More than 140 m of upper Cenozoic basin-fill sediments were deposited and then deformed in Fisher Valley between about 2.5 and 0.25 m.y. ago, in response to uplift of the adjacent Onion Creek salt diapir. In addition to these basin-fill sediments, minor amounts of eolian and fluvial sand were deposited in Holocene time. The sediments, whose relative ages are known from the stratigraphy, are predominantly sandy, second-cycle red beds derived from nearby Mesozoic rocks; most were deposited in a vertical sequence, filling a sedimentary basin now exposed by fluvial dissection. We have applied a variety of established and experimental dating methods to the sediments in Fisher Valley to establish their age and to provide time control for the recent history of the Onion Creek salt diapir.Volcanic ash beds provide time datums at 610,000 yr (Lava Creek Ash) and 730,000 yr (Bishop Ash); the related eruptions have been dated by potassium-argon (K-Ar) and fission-track methods. Paleo-magnetic stratigraphy also provides time markers at the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary (730,000–790,000 yr) and at the Matuyama-Gauss boundary (2.48 m.y.); normal events within the Matuyama chronozone are missing or are obscured by secondary remagnetization. Uranium-trend analyses yield ages of 530,000 yr for the Lava Creek Ash horizon, 210,000–240,000 yr for the top of the basin-fill sediments, and 9,000 yr for Holocene eolian sand. Average accumulation rates of secondary carbonate and clay in the ten paleosols in the section were calculated from the amounts of these materials above the Lava Creek Ash and the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary; these rates yield estimates of 260,000 yr (carbonate) and 320,000 yr (clay) for the top of the basin fill. Amino-acid analyses of bulk soil materials are complex, but some data appear to change systematically with relative age. Thermoluminescence (TL) analyses proved inapplicable because of residual TL at the time of deposition and because the age range of the method was probably exceeded. Holocene deposits yield radiocarbon dates between modern and 9,300 yr B.P.These age estimates provide a time framework for the history of late Cenozoic deposition and geomorphic change in Fisher Valley, and they constrain the late history of deformation of the subjacent Onion Creek salt diapir. The use of multiple dating methods in a well-established stratigraphy lends confidence to several critical age estimates and provides needed tests of experimental dating methods. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Hydrological ProcessesVolume 33, Issue 24 p. 3138-3142 INVITED COMMENTARY The need for scientific rigour and accountability in flood mapping to better support disaster response Guy J.-P. Schumann, Corresponding Author Guy J.-P. Schumann gjpschumann@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0003-0968-7198 School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Remote Sensing Solutions, Inc., Barnstable, Massachusetts Correspondence Guy J.-P. Schumann, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Email: gjpschumann@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this author Guy J.-P. Schumann, Corresponding Author Guy J.-P. Schumann gjpschumann@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0003-0968-7198 School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Remote Sensing Solutions, Inc., Barnstable, Massachusetts Correspondence Guy J.-P. Schumann, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Email: gjpschumann@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 July 2019 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13547Citations: 6Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume33, Issue2430 November 2019Pages 3138-3142 This article also appears in:HPToday: Invited Commentaries RelatedInformation

Precise chronology of Little Ice Age expansion and repetitive surges of Langjökull, central Iceland

(1977). Living on the 700 Millibar Surface: The Mountain Research Station of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. Weatherwise: Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 233-238.

(2001). High-Mountain Lakes and Streams: Indicators of a Changing World. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research: Vol. 33, High Mountain Lakes and Streams: Indicators of the Changing World, pp. 383-384.

"United Nations International Year of the Mountains." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 34(1), pp. 1–2