A Word is Worth a Thousand Words

Previous studies have focussed on the meaning of old age as conducted from the quantitative approach. Thus the primary emphasis of this article is the perception of elderly individuals who resided in Pondok Jeram, an alternative congregated living arrangement which was established for the propagation of Islamic teaching and learning on old age. The employment of abductive research strategy based on idealist ontology and social constructionist epistemology gave the perennial importance to the elderly’s point of views. The use of in-depth interviews yielded social actors’ meaning and interpretation of old age in their everyday experience. The findings revealed 7 important themes in relation to understanding old age; old age as a natural life cycle, old age is normal, feeling about old age, old age and physical changes, old age and religion, old age and health and old age and pondok. Finally, the interpretations of elderly residents’ meaning of old age would give a clearer understanding of their needs from the local socio-cultural environment for future policy planning and implementation concerning them. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s3p32

Hearing a voice in the absence of any speaker can be a significant feature of psychiatric illness, but is also increasingly acknowledged as an important aspect of everyday, non-pathological experience. This recognition has led to a growth of interest in voice-hearing in individuals without any psychiatric diagnosis, coupled with greater attention to the subjective experience of voice-hearing across diagnostic groups. Research has also focused on the overlap between some aspects of voice-hearing phenomenology and everyday experiences such as ‘hearing’ the voices of fictional characters and spiritual experience. In this Review, we synthesize research on the range of cognitive, neural, personal and sociocultural processes that contribute to voice-hearing as it occurs in clinical, non-clinical and everyday experience, with particular emphasis on linking mechanism to phenomenology. Heterogeneous forms of voice-hearing can be understood in terms of differing patterns of association among underlying mechanisms. We suggest an approach to hallucinatory experience that sees it as partly continuous with everyday inner experience, but which is critical regarding whether continuity of phenomenology across the clinical–non-clinical divide should be taken to entail continuity of mechanism. Hearing voices has long been associated with severe mental illness but also occurs in the general population. In this Review, Toh et al. describe the cognitive, neural, personal and sociocultural processes that contribute to voice-hearing in clinical, non-clinical and everyday experience, with emphasis on linking mechanism to phenomenology.

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book Forum: PsychotherapyFull AccessThe Contours of Agency: Essays on Themes From Harry FrankfurtMARK D. REGO, M.D., MARK D. REGOSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Milford, Conn.Published Online:1 Jun 2003https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1196-aAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Although the focus of much of the discussion between clinician and patient has shifted in recent years from the dynamic unconscious to the role of symptoms, some themes remain fundamental to the psychiatric endeavor. One of the most enduring of these is that of the divided self. How a person achieves agency and a sense of self in the face of conflict, symptoms, and dilemmas is of immediate interest to the clinician and of defining interest to Harry Frankfurt.Contours of Agency is a compilation of essays from a 1999 conference devoted to Frankfurt’s work. In it many distinguished philosophers take up points from Frankfurt’s work and offer expansions, alternatives, and straight criticism.The work of Frankfurt, an analytic philosopher, offers insightful, stimulating, and even provocative perspectives on the divided self and related themes. Over the past 30 years, Frankfurt has given much thought to what it means to be a person (and, comparatively, what it means to fall short of this). His main essays on these reflections are contained in two slim and very accessible volumes: The Importance of What We Care About(1) and Necessity, Volition and Love(2).For Frankfurt the fundamental dimension of our humanity is our ability to reflect on our own mental life. We can have thoughts about thoughts, feelings about feelings, etc. It is in the process of finding rectitude between these layers of experience and reflection that we work out who we are and how we live our lives. Thus, for Frankfurt, concepts such as externality (things that occur within our mental histories but are not necessarily part of our identity), wholeheartedness, identity, and will are central to understanding what kind of beings we are. Frankfurt does not seek to define humans from the outside but, rather, from the inside by route of what we care about and the extent of our efforts.An important aspect of this work is that Frankfurt focuses not on psychopathology or ethics (although he uses examples from both fields) but on everyday experience. It is in this vein that love is, for Frankfurt, the central organizing feature of a person. This love is neither romantic nor moral; it is what we care about, and, being such, it is valuable in and of itself (i.e., without specific reference to the worth of the beloved).The essays in Contours of Agency are too numerous to review here. Their quality will vary with the interest of the reader. Of note are “The True, the Good and the Lovable: Frankfurt’s Avoidance of Objectivity” by Susan Wolf and “Love’s Authority” by Jonathan Lear, a philosopher and trained psychoanalyst. These essays take up the difficult issue of Frankfurt’s claims about love. Frankfurt’s responses to each essay are among the most lucid and edifying parts of the collection.As for the mental health reader, the book likely contains more finely grained arguments than desired. Although the readings do not bear directly on clinical or ethical issues (for the latter I recommend Jeanette Kennett’s recent volume [3]), the thoughtful and rigorous commentary on the bases for human agency provides a worthwhile stretching of some mental muscles that the clinician will undoubtedly call on in this era of evolving paradigms of mental illness.Edited by Sarah Buss and Lee Overton. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 2002, 381 pp., $45.00.

The Sermones de sanctis of Jacobus de Voragine is not an independent text but the last written link of a communicative chain that starts with the holy figurae of the Legenda aurea and is completed with a final speech from a preacher to his audience. Chastity is represented in this hagiographical material, which is closely connected to the most important saints of the Dominican calendar, through absolute models that are removed from everyday experience: these models need to be interpreted by a preacher's spoken words and to be illustrated with a choice of exempla to reach laypeople effectively.

The speech act is a study of pragmatics whereby utterances serve an essential function beyond verbal communication. It is an act of performing some activity through spoken words. In leadership, speech acts play a crucial role in the interaction between leaders and their followers. It not only conveys information but also initiates a desirable action or behaviour among the followers. Thus, leaders must be capable of utilizing different speech acts effectively to influence their followers to act or behave in a specific way and accomplish their leadership goals. This study has been undertaken in response to previous researchers who have found significant differences in speech acts of male and female leaders, with an objective to analyze the speech acts of female student leaders in a Malaysian secondary school according to Theory of Speech Acts by Bach & Harnish (1979). We collected data through in-depth interviews with three research participants who had been selected via purposive sampling. These participants were female students aged 17 years old with at least four years of leadership experience. After an in-depth qualitative analysis of interview data, we have demonstrated that speech acts of the research participants varied among constative, directive, commissive. Constatives, informative, assertive, and predictive acts. Among them, informative, assertive, and predictive speech acts dominated their utterances. In conclusion, the participants' speech acts indicated that, in general, they wished to be persuasive in their leadership roles and responsibilities.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0945/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

This article explores the linkage between archaic myth and political myth, elucidating the shared characteristics and distinctive features of these phenomena. Myth is conceptualized as a fundamental aspect of human consciousness, rooted in the unconscious layers of our psyche and intricately entwined with our lived experiences. Archaic myth can be defined as a particular, figurative-sensory, and syncretic depiction of the surrounding reality, grounded in the belief in the power of spoken language. In this mythological system, the spoken word is not divorced from the material world, and the extraordinary is rendered in a mundane manner. These features are also preserved in political mythology. Political myth is understood as a product of political consciousness, which is presented in a transformed form, rationalized and ethicized, of an archaic myth. The “rational” myth-idea, which is artificially constructed through ideology, serves as the foundation for defining fundamental goals, ideals, and ethical values. When clothed in the garments of myth-images and imbued with emotional resonance, it permeates the collective consciousness of society, transforming into a myth-event. The peculiarity of political myth is manifested not only in its threefold structure, comprising myth-idea, myth-image, and myth-event, and its connections with rational, ideological, and political aspects, but also in its relation to historical chronotope and the presence of actual prototypes for mythical characters. Furthermore, political myth extends beyond the confines of the political realm, permeating culture as a whole, including artistic expression and everyday human experience.

In the current era, the use of YouTube media has increased very rapidly, this is because access is very easy. One of the YouTube content that is currently popular among the Muslim community is Ustad Hannan Attaki's sharing time content uploaded by the First Shof Media Indonesia Youtube Channel. This speech act also occurs in sharing time events, which can cover several topics ranging from questions about religious issues, mental health, to in-depth conversations with famous religious figures. In this study, researchers studied one of the sharing times with the sub-theme "Ever Tried Suicide But..." in terms of locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary speech. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive method by describing the dialogue conveyed by speakers and interlocutors. The Sharing Time event describes how events and speech acts are conveyed. Locutionary speech acts are in the form of statements and providing information. Iocution in the form of orders, confessions, etc. And perlocution has an impact on the behavior of the speaker and his interlocutor. All data produced is in the form of dialogue that corresponds to the three spoken words.

Speech act is a branch of pragmatics in which spoken words or utterances play an important role beyond the function of language in communication. In leadership, speech acts enable leaders to initiate a desirable action or behaviour among their followers, and at the same time, convey information more effectively. As such, constative speech acts are commonly used by leaders to describe or depict facts or states of affairs which are either true or false. As to investigate how the different constative speech acts could be used in this context, a qualitative study was conducted with an objective to analyze the constative speech acts of female student leaders in a Malaysian secondary school based on Theory of Speech Acts by Bach & Harnish (1979). Purposive sampling was used to select the research participants and data was gathered from them through a focus group discussion with the researcher. Findings showed that the research participants used various constative speech acts including predictive, assertive, ascriptive, responsive and suggestive in describing the behaviour and characteristics of a good leader. As a conclusion, constative speech acts of the research participants suggest that they could be analytical, firm and sensitive school leaders.

Narrowing the theory–practice gap through clinical education of pre‐registration nurses is of international importance. Difficulties arising from supervising students in clinical education have been reported in Nepal, Hong Kong and Turkey and different countries also make various provisions for pre‐registration clinical experience. In the UK, pre‐registration nursing education standards and course content equip nurses to practice safely and are defined in statute. Students spend 50% of the course in clinical practice where they apply theoretical concepts under the guidance of a mentor, lecturer practitioner (LP) and link tutor.This paper presents the results of the first phase of a three‐phase study, which sought to explore differences between mentors, LPs and link tutors and how they work together to enable pre‐registration nursing students to integrate theory and practice. The aim of this phase of the study was to explore how LP roles were implemented across the study area and how they worked with mentors and link tutors to enable students to integrate theory and practice.Eleven semistructured interviews of LPs were conducted. The constant comparison method was used to analyse the data. Three themes emerged from the data — participants’ perceptions of their role and how they relate to others (a foot in both camps); participants’ concern to fit students for practice (look at it the right way); participants’ perceptions of how their work could be enhanced (making the job better). This paper discusses these three themes in relation to how the LP role differs from that of mentors and link tutors and how they work together to facilitate theory/practice integration in pre‐registration nursing students.

Irit Meir:An Obituary Wendy Sandler "It is about who we are when we are not rehearsing to be who we are." Don DeLillo, The Body Artist Irit Meir was born in Jerusalem, Israel on August 18, 1957. Her interests and experiences were multi-faceted, but there was a coherent core that radiated throughout her life. Two of Irit's central traits interacted so intimately that they were sometimes indistinguishable from each other: the scientific pursuit of knowledge about the nature of human language, and a profound, instinctive, and empathic engagement with other human beings. After completing her MA in English Linguistics summa cum laude at Hebrew University in the late 1980s, Irit spent a few years in the United States with husband Ronny, enjoying time with their three small daughters. Although she excelled in her studies, spoke several languages, and came from a prominent academic family, Irit didn't immediately find burning interest in a field of study that would justify devoting a career to academic pursuits. That is, until she bumped into sign language. It was a book she came across, What the Hands Reveal about the Brain by Poizner, Klima, and Bellugi, that changed everything. Her first step in what was to become a rich career was to enroll in an American Sign Language course in Los Angeles. Irit and I had previously taken a semantics course together as MA students at Hebrew University, where I had given a student presentation about sign language. Years later now—this was around 1990—newly fascinated with the importance of sign language to the understanding of language generally, and ready to return to Israel with her family, Irit wrote to me, then a junior faculty member at the University of Haifa. She asked if I needed a research assistant. I promptly applied for and received my first research grant ever; Irit joined me [End Page 671] as an RA, soon going on to complete a PhD at Hebrew University, teaching first at Oranim Teachers College, and then landing a faculty position at the University of Haifa. All the while she contributed significantly to the development of the Sign Language Research Lab, on both scientific and human levels, which were never separate for Irit. On the scientific level, Irit confronted central properties of sign languages that illuminate the interaction between the nature of language and the effect (or non-effect) of modality—such as the use of space, iconicity and its interaction with metaphor, and the principles behind the ordering of words within propositions. She endeavored to explain these phenomena rather than simply to name them. In her doctoral work on verb agreement in Israeli Sign Language, Irit noticed that the direction of movement of the hands, and the part of the hand that faced the target, were separable but interacted with one another. She showed that the phenomenon of verb agreement is neither strictly syntactic nor strictly semantic, but is best understood as an interaction of the two: The hands move from source to goal, but they typically face the syntactic object, which could be either source or goal. Adopting the model of lexical conceptual structure proposed by Ray Jackendoff for spoken language, Irit argued that, though the instantiation of verb agreement has modality-specific properties, it can be captured neatly within general theory, and is therefore understood as an explicitly linguistic phenomenon. Sign languages exploit iconicity more than spoken languages do; that is a platitude in our field. But Irit realized that iconicity is a complex phenomenon, and that like other aspects of language, it is subject to constraints. She turned to metaphor, a device exploited extensively by both spoken and signed languages. Unlike typical spoken words, basic signs are inherently made up of iconic components which themselves are often understood metaphorically. Irit investigated the interaction of metaphor and iconicity in sign language, asking whether signs were subject to metaphorical extension in the same way as spoken words. She discovered that signs can be metaphorically extended, but not in the same way as spoken words, and identified the interaction between two kinds of mapping, positing a double mapping constraint. Many signs consist of iconic mapping between the...

When a speaker says anything, there are specific goals beyond the words or phrases. This is an aspect of pragmatics. The activity performed by generated utterances is referred to as speech actions. Saying something can be used to perform an action. Speech actions allow the speaker to portray physical activity using just words and phrases. The acts taken are mostly determined by the words spoken. There are several things to consider when it comes to English as a foreign language. If utterances are delivered in the mother language, it is simple for speakers or listeners to figure out what they imply.

In Maria Edgeworth's last novel, Helen, the vain literary dilettante Horace Churchill impresses the heroine with a witty saying, but it is soon discovered to be plagiarized when she finds it 'word for word in a book from which Churchill's card fell as she opened it'.' This is not, apparently, his first use of 'arts of appropriation' (p. 170) which are already suspected by Helen's more experienced mentor, Lady Davenant. The act of verbal, and especially textual, appropriation is central to this novel, in both comic and serious registers, but this motif is also important elsewhere in Edgeworth's tales, novels, and autobiographical writings. The circulation of spoken words and written texts is a vital mechanism of operation for language and for culture itself, but it also generates a high degree of ambivalence centred on the vulnerability of language to appropriation. In this essay I shall begin with an examination of verbal appropriation and related themes in a range of Edgeworth's work, including her tales for children and young people, before finally focusing on two of her most effective and underrated novels, Helen (i834) and Patronage (i813). My argument will be not only formal, that appropriation provides an organizing metaphor for two long and complex works: I shall also examine this theme in the context of some eighteenth-century discussions about language. Edgeworth was keenly interested in, and influenced by, contemporary debates on language: her letters, and the education works she wrote with her father, show an awareness of a number of works on language by authors including Bacon, Rousseau, Lord Monboddo, Dugald Stewart, John Horne Tooke, Mrs Piozzi, Dr Johnson, Prevost, Sir William Jones, and John Wilkins.2 She was interested in arguments about the relationship between words and ideas (Horne Tooke's view that 'language is thought' versus the

Working within the tradition of continental philosophy, this article argues in favour of a phenomenological understanding of language as a crucial component of bioethical inquiry. The authors challenge the 'commonsense' view of language, in which thinking appears as prior to speaking, and speech the straightforward vehicle of pre-existing thoughts. Drawing on Maurice Merleau-Ponty's (1908-1961) phenomenology of language, the authors claim that thinking takes place in and through the spoken word, in and through embodied language. This view resituates bioethics as a matter of bodies that speak. It also refigures the meaning of ethical self-reflexion, and in so doing offers an alternative view on reflexivity and critique. Referring to the Kantian critical tradition and its reception by Hannah Arendt and Michel Foucault, we advance a position we call 'critical ethical reflexivity'. We contend that Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of language offers valuable insight into ethical reflexivity and subject formation. Moreover, his understanding of language may foster new qualitative empirical research in bioethics, lead to more nuanced methods for interpreting personal narratives, and promote critical self-reflexion as necessary for bioethical inquiry.

Efforts to address inequities in medical education are centered on a dialogue of deficits that highlight negative underrepresented in medicine (UIM) learner experiences and lower performance outcomes. An alternative narrative explores perspectives on achievement and equity in assessment. This study sought to understand UIM learner perceptions of successes and equitable assessment practices. Using narrative research, investigators selected a purposeful sample of self-identified UIM fourth-year medical students and senior-level residents and conducted semistructured interviews. Questions elicited personal stories of achievement during clinical training, clinical assessment practices that captured achievement, and equity in clinical assessment. Using re-storying and thematic analysis, investigators coded transcripts and synthesized data into themes and representative stories. Twenty UIM learners (6 medical students and 14 residents) were interviewed. Learners often thought about equity during clinical training and provided personal definitions of equity in assessment. Learners shared stories that reflected their achievements in patient care, favorable assessment outcomes, and growth throughout clinical training. Sound assessments that captured achievements included frequent observations with real-time feedback on predefined expectations by supportive, longitudinal clinical supervisors. Finally, equitable assessment systems were characterized as sound assessment systems that also avoided comparison to peers, used narrative assessment, assessed patient care and growth, trained supervisors to avoid bias, and acknowledged learner identity. UIM learners characterized equitable and sound assessment systems that captured achievements during clinical training. These findings guide future efforts to create an inclusive, fair, and equitable clinical assessment experience.

This research discusses about illocution on speech acts of foreign students in Indonesian Language learning. Illocution is a speech that shows the state of language relating to the situation in general and more free and aims to express something from the speaker to the partner said that the words spoken are the words that really want to be delivered. This research aims to describe the forms of student illocution in Indonesian Language learning. This form of research is qualitative with naturalistic strategy. Data collection techniques in this research using observation techniques, interviews, and document studies. The data in this study are the data in the form of the students illocution acts (assertive, declaration, directives, commissive, and expressive) in learning activities. The data source in this research is the speech acts of a foreign student in Indonesian Language learning. Data illocution in the form is assertive, directives, commissives and expressive. Key words: illocution, foreign student, Indonesian Language.