A women’s right with limitations - global and European perspective on abortion decriminalization

Abstract

Abstract Background The decriminalization of abortion is a controversial subject whose policies widely vary across the world. In some countries it is available upon request, at least up to the 24-week limit, while in others it is totally prohibited. This practice also raises ethical issues, since some defend access to abortion as a human right, while others condemn it, highlighting the embryo's right to life. This study aims to compare abortion decriminalization laws and the maximum gestational age limit for induced abortion in each country of the six WHO member states. Methods Data on abortion decriminalization laws and the maximum gestational age limit for induced abortion were collected from the Global Abortion Policies Database on the WHO website. Descriptive analysis of data considered absolute and relative frequencies. Comparison between regions considered the number of countries, including a deeper analysis for European context. Results Approximately 30% of reviewed countries have specific laws for abortion decriminalization, while in 48% it is still a prohibited practice. Among the 48 European countries, 29 have decriminalized abortion laws, a practice that is only considered in 5 of the 54 African countries. Considering abortion by women's request, accepted practices are valid between 8 and 24 weeks gestation, depending on each country. However, 12 weeks of gestation is the most frequent limit for abortion, and it is the threshold of increased bleeding risk for pregnant women. Conclusions No legal abortion practices are performed after fetal viability period, usually up to 24 weeks of gestation. There are relevant differences between six regions. While most high-income countries have decriminalized abortion, this practice is still prohibited in most South American and African countries, raising multiple public health issues. Cultural, sociological and healthcare context is expected to have a strong influence in decriminalization of abortion. Key messages Abortion is considered a human right but there are many countries that do not allow it, particularly in Africa and South America. Most European countries have abortion decriminalization laws.