Abstract
Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is found in many ethnic groups, with the highest prevalence of heterozygote carriers (sickle cell trait [SCT]) in African Americans. SCT is associated with an increased risk of fatal exertional heat illness, renal papillary necrosis, and splenic infarction. Since 2006, all infants born in the United States are required to be screened for hemoglobinopathies as part of newborn screening (NBS). In 2010, as part of a legal settlement, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) implemented SCT screening in division I athletes.
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