A Wearable Technology-based System to Negotiate Surface Discontinuities for the Blind and Low Vision People during Navigation

The blind or low vision people should exercise, in equal conditions, the rights and duties, which assure them the citizenship. To do this, they can use differentiated resources, that facilitate or promote the development of functional skills and, consequently, the social inclusion, between which stand out the Assistive Technologies (TA). Thus, this article presents the results of a literature review from the years 2007 to 2015, which aimed to analyze which are the TA that can be used by blind or low vision people in the social context, and how they influence in the inclusion. The methodology used was a bibliographical and documentary research about TA, blindness and low vision, realized in the virtual library Scielo and in the Portal Periodicos CAPES. It was selected brazilian articles that mentioned the theme, which were, later, analyzed and categorized, according common elements perceived, and served as a basis for the considerations and discussions presented here. It was mainly perceived, that the resources in question are used in different social contexts and with varied purposes, and that they allow greater independence for the users. The final considerations pointed to the importance of the TA study related withblindness or low vision people, to the awareness of society against prejudice, and to the implementation of public policies to support the use of these resources with the public in question.

Blind and low vision people use visual description services (VDS) to gain visual interpretation and build access in a world that privileges sight. Despite their many benefits, VDS have many harmful privacy and security implications. As a result, researchers are suggesting, exploring, and building obfuscation systems that detect and obscure private or sensitive materials. However, as obfuscation depends largely on sight to interpret outcomes, it is unknown whether Blind and low vision people would find such approaches useful. Our work aims to center the perspectives and opinions of Blind and low vision people on the potential of obfuscation to address privacy concerns in VDS. By reporting on interviews with 20 Blind and low vision people who use VDS, our findings reveal that popular research trends in obfuscation fail to capture the needs of Blind and low vision people. While obfuscation might be helpful in gaining more control, tensions around obfuscation misrecognition and confirmation are prominent. We turn to the framework of interdependence to unpack and understand obfuscation in VDS, enabling us to complicate privacy concerns, uncover the labor of Blind and low vision people, and emphasize the importance of safeguards. We provide design directions to move the trajectory of obfuscation research forward.

While our community has many active projects involving blind people, low vision is rarely addressed. People with low vision have functional vision, but their visual impairment adversely affects their daily life and it cannot be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. Over the last few years, we have been conducting research with this understudied demographic: understanding low vision people's needs and designing applications to address the challenges they face. In this article, we discuss our ongoing research in this area, focusing on designing augmented reality applications for low vision users. We begin this article by describing low vision and motivating our focus on augmented reality applications on smartglasses for low vision people. We then provide overviews of three research projects that exemplify our research agenda: a study where we observed low vision people conducting a navigation and shopping task, a study where we examined low vision people's perception of virtual text and shapes on smartglasses, and the design of a smartglasses application that facilitates a visual search task.

One of the greatest challenges to independence for the blind and low vision (BLV) individuals are difficulties in self-navigation. This paper presents a wearable assistive technology to augment the perception of the BLVs along their navigational pathway. The research addresses specifically the challenge of negotiating surface discontinuities typically found within urban areas. A lightweight, small and unobtrusive wearable prototype is developed, and it utilizes a stereo camera to collect depth data from the navigational pathway. A depth profile is proposed to reduce the dimension of depth map computed from the image pair, and a deep belief network is then assembled to classify the depth profiles such that appropriate haptic feedback can be communicated to the user.

We design and build A11yBits, a tangible toolkit that empowers blind and low vision (BLV) people to easily create personalized do-it-yourself assistive technologies (DIY-ATs). A11yBits includes (1) a series of Sensing modules to detect both environmental information and user commands, (2) a set of Feedback modules to send multi-modal feedback, and (3) two Base modules (Sensing Base and Feedback Base) to power and connect the sensing and feedback modules. The toolkit enables accessible and easy assembly via a “plug-and-play” mechanism. BLV users can select and assemble their preferred modules to create personalized DIY-ATs.

Self-service terminals (SSTs) are almost everywhere in our daily life and increasingly use capacitive and infrared touchscreens as the interface. Most of the current solutions to help blind and low vision (BLV) people access existing touchscreens mostly are only suitable for capacitive touchscreens and not for infrared touchscreens. In this paper, we proposed a voice-based interactive method using a conductive folding stand with the phone camera to allow BLV people to access both touchscreens of SSTs. Voice feedback was provided to guide users to move the phone close to the button and touch it with the end of the unfolded stand. Using a portable accessory, this method directly guided users to touch the target and effectively avoids false triggering. A preliminary evaluation indicated that our approach enabled users to access the target buttons on the touchscreen with high accuracy and a short completion time.

Cooking is a vital yet challenging activity for blind and low vision (BLV) people, which involves many visual tasks that can be difficult and dangerous. BLV training services, such as vision rehabilitation, can effectively improve BLV people’s independence and quality of life in daily tasks, such as cooking. However, there is a lack of understanding on the practices employed by the training professionals and the barriers faced by BLV people in such training. To fill the gap, we interviewed six professionals to explore their training strategies and technology recommendations for BLV clients in cooking activities. Our findings revealed the fundamental principles, practices, and barriers in current BLV training services, identifying the gaps between training and reality.

While audio description (AD) is the standard approach for making videos accessible to blind and low vision (BLV) people, existing AD guidelines do not consider BLV users’ varied preferences across viewing scenarios. These scenarios range from how-to videos on YouTube, where users seek to learn new skills, to historical dramas on Netflix, where a user’s goal is entertainment. Additionally, the increase in video watching on mobile devices provides an opportunity to integrate nonverbal output modalities (e.g., audio cues, tactile elements, and visual enhancements). Through a formative survey and 15 semi-structured interviews, we identified BLV people’s video accessibility preferences across diverse scenarios. For example, participants valued action and equipment details for how-to videos, tactile graphics for learning scenarios, and 3D models for fantastical content. We define a six-dimensional video accessibility design space to guide future innovation and discuss how to move from “one-size-fits-all” paradigms to scenario-specific approaches.

People with low vision have a visual impairment that affects their ability to perform daily activities. Unlike blind people, low vision people have functional vision and can potentially benefit from smart glasses that provide dynamic, always-available visual information. We sought to determine what low vision people could see on mainstream commercial augmented reality (AR) glasses, despite their visual limitations and the device's constraints. We conducted a study with 20 low vision participants and 18 sighted controls, asking them to identify virtual shapes and text in different sizes, colors, and thicknesses. We also evaluated their ability to see the virtual elements while walking. We found that low vision participants were able to identify basic shapes and read short phrases on the glasses while sitting and walking. Identifying virtual elements had a similar effect on low vision and sighted people's walking speed, slowing it down slightly. Our study yielded preliminary evidence that mainstream AR glasses can be powerful accessibility tools. We derive guidelines for presenting visual output for low vision people and discuss opportunities for accessibility applications on this platform.

Screen readers are audio-based software that Blind and Low Vision (BLV) people use to interact with computing devices, such as tablets and smartphones. Although this technology has significantly improved the accessibility of touchscreen devices, the sequential nature of audio limits the bandwidth of information users can receive and process. We introduce TapNav, an adaptive spatiotactile screen reader prototype developed to interact with touchscreen interfaces spatially. TapNav's screen reader provides adaptive auditory feedback that, in combination with a tactile overlay, conveys spatial information and location of interface elements on-screen. We evaluated TapNav with 12 BLV users who interacted with TapNav to explore a data visualization and interact with a bank transactions application. Our qualitative findings show that touch points and spatially constrained navigation helped users anticipate outcomes for faster exploration, and offload cognitive load to touch. We provide design guidelines for creating tactile overlays for adaptive spatiotactile screen readers and discuss their generalizability beyond our exploratory data analysis and everyday application navigation scenarios.

В настоящее время более 500 млн человек относятся к лицам с ограниченными возможностями, и среди них особое место занимают люди с ограничениями зрения. В современной практике в зависимости от степени нарушения зрительной функции используют деление на слепых (blind) и слабовидящих (low vision). Специалисты многих стран ведут поиск эффективных программ восстановления работоспособности людей с проблемами зрения, их обучения. В России система обучения слепых и слабовидящих людей является неотъемлемой частью общеобразовательного процесса и основана на методе компенсации зрительного восприятия тактильным. Пик исследований тактильного восприятия пришелся на вторую половину ХХ в., однако большинство работ на данный момент является устаревшим. В настоящее время исследование процесса тактильного восприятия является весьма актуальным. В первую очередь это связано с изменением отношения к людям с проблемами зрения. Во-вторых, возникает возможность использования инновационных технологий и оборудования. Рассмотрен метод компенсации, традиционный для современных направлений тифлопедагогики и тифлопсихологии. Автором статьи предложен альтернативный развивающий подход, ориентированный на совершенствование тактильной чувствительности слепых и слабовидящих людей при условии когнитивного восприятия. Отмечено, что в процессе восприятия формы характеризуются при помощи качественных и количественных параметров. В соответствии с развивающим подходом предложена методика исследования параметров тактильного восприятия. Наиболее применимы такие параметры, как шаг, размер, геометрия, ориентация, степень объемности. Разработан план проведения исследования, который включает следующие этапы: выбор параметров тактильного восприятия, разработка и изготовление образцов для исследования, выбор метода исследования, разработка опросника, выбор испытуемых, проведение эксперимента и фиксация результатов, анализ результатов.

A novel approach to Web interaction is presented, aiming towards a greater degree of accessibility for blind or low vision people, hence easing the ways of gathering information for investigative purposes. This group of users is facing many and varied difficulties when trying to use Web sites, especially when dealing with hypermedia contents, which are difficult to grasp by simply using screen reader software. CRTexter provides the means to interact with the informative content of Web sites, providing both standard search mechanisms and removal of content that cannot be classified as textual. Three groups of blind and low vision users were selected to elicit requirements, verify and validate the delivered solution. The National Foundation for the Blind of Costa Rica has approved CRTexter as complying for investigative tasks within this population.

While being able to read with screen magnifiers, low vision people have slow and unpleasant reading experiences. Eye tracking has the potential to improve their experience by recognizing fine-grained gaze behaviors and providing more targeted enhancements. To inspire gaze-based low vision technology, we investigate the suitable method to collect low vision users’ gaze data via commercial eye trackers and thoroughly explore their challenges in reading based on their gaze behaviors. With an improved calibration interface, we collected the gaze data of 20 low vision participants and 20 sighted controls who performed reading tasks on a computer screen; low vision participants were also asked to read with different screen magnifiers. We found that, with an accessible calibration interface and data collection method, commercial eye trackers can collect gaze data of comparable quality from low vision and sighted people. Our study identified low vision people’s unique gaze patterns during reading, building upon which, we propose design implications for gaze-based low vision technology.

Low vision people who are more than 88% of visually impaired people want to use their residual vision and don't want to look like disabled. However, many assistive devices for low vision are suitable for use indoors and people with disabled are exposed using assistive device so that they are reluctant to use that. So, many low vision people want to use smart phone to solve problem but now functions of smartphone are not enough. In this study, we want to suggest smart assistive software and device for low vision people to use with residual vision as much as possible without being self-conscious. For that, we interviewed expert of low vision and low vision people with qualitative research methods. Based on the results, we present solution and suggest EYESEE, assistive device and application for low vision people.

Blind and low-vision (BLV) people experience difficulty accessing graphical information, particularly regarding travel and education. Tactile diagrams and 3D printed models can improve access to graphical information for BLV people; however, these formats only allow limited detailed and contextual information. Interactive 3D printed models (I3Ms) exist, but many rely on passive audio labels that don't particularly empower BLV people in independent knowledge building and interpretation. This project investigates the creation of I3Ms that offer more engaging experiences with a focus on facilitating independent exploration and knowledge discovery. Specifically, this project explores how BLV people want to interact with I3Ms, interactive functionalities and behaviours that I3Ms should support, such as conversational interfaces and model agency, and to understand the relationship between I3Ms and conventional accessible graphics.