A two-level decision making approach for optimal integrated urban water and energy management

05/00167 Forecasting daily urban electric load profiles using artificial neural networks: Beccali, M. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (1819), 2879–2900

Integrated policy, planning, and management of water resources and energy systems can provide important opportunities. While both energy and water managers have used integrated planning approaches for decades, the broader integration of water and energy management is a relatively new and exciting policy area. Water and energy systems are interconnected in several important ways. Developed water systems provide energy (e.g. through hydropower), and they consume energy, primarily through pumping and thermal processes. Many energy systems require energy for cooling and other purposes. The focus of this paper is on energy inputs to water systems. Critical elements of water infrastructure systems and certain uses are energy intensive. Moving water over distances and elevation gains, treating and distributing it, meeting end-uses for various purposes, and collecting and treating the resulting wastewater, accounts for one of the largest uses of electrical energy in some areas. For example, estimates by the California Energy Commission indicate that 19% of the state’s electricity use, and 33% of natural gas use (excluding power plants), is devoted to water use. Examples of new approaches to the integration of water and energy planning, including policy processes at the California Energy Commission, Public Utilities Commission, and Department of Water Resources are discussed. Current methodologies for accounting for embedded energy, from initial extraction through treatment, distribution, end-use, wastewater treatment and discharge, are reviewed. New approaches to institutional collaboration between energy and water management authorities and providers are also discussed.

Blockchain has emerged as a distributed ledger mechanism that enables decentralized recordkeeping and transaction validation with applications in various fields. Recent research has highlighted its potential for managing urban water and energy systems, especially given increasing urbanization and climate-related resource pressures. This chapter explores theoretical dimensions of blockchain for integrated urban water and energy management. It examines the conceptual linkages of blockchain-based smart contracts, distributed consensus, and tamper-proof data exchange with the operational and strategic needs of urban water and energy stakeholders. It discusses the roles of trust, security, and data transparency in facilitating stakeholder cooperation in resource allocation and highlights resilience benefits for water supply networks and energy grids.

A major water and energy provider in Central Texas is the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA). It supplies water and electricity to over a million persons. Approximately 10 percent of that electricity is generated from hydroelectric power plants on the six dams in the Highland Lakes system on the lower Colorado River. A real-time scheduling system has been developed and is being implemented into the LCRA Energy Management System (EMS) to optimally schedule the hourly operation of thirteen hydropower generating units in concert with the three steam-electric power stations operated by the LCRA. The hydro scheduling system uses a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model of the Highland Lakes to determine the optimal hydro generation based on forecasted power and water demands and hydrologic conditions over the next 72 hours. The MILP model maximizes hydropower generation while satisfying hourly and daily constraints on generation capacity, lake storage and flow releases. The solution to the scheduling model is provided in real-time to the EMS which uses the results to determine generation unit commitment in the LCRA power system.

Subject Index. Preface. Acknowledgement. I: Challenges in Management of Urban Waters: Impacts on Receiving Waters. Overview of urban stormwater impacts on receiving waters J. Marsalek. Municipal waste water treatment policy referring to EU guidelines and its impact on receiving waters from rivers to the receiving seas H. Kroiss. DSS tools applied for the best strategy for investment in water and environment in CEE countries - key elements for future support for applications of structural funds of EU E. Zeman, J. Krejcik, S. Vanececk. Documented impacts of urban effluents on water resources in the Czech Republic P. Hlavinek. Problem of groundwater contamination from suburban waste disposal K.V. Zotov, K.N. Kriulin, N.I. Vasileva, T.V. Zotova. II: Urban Drainage. Urban drainage water and storm water management E.I. Pupyrev. Examples of urban drainage master plans - Prague case study K. Pryl. Surface runoff modelling in steep terrain in a GIS environment R. Arsov. Quality assurance in model based water management J. Krejcik. Quantity and quality data from a stormwater cachment in Italy S. Pagliara. III: Urban Flood Protection. Reduction of flood damages in urban areas of Canada E. Watt. The catastrophic flood in Gdansk in July 2001 E. Woloszyn. Risk of flood stage exceedance upstream from a bridge M. Sowinski, A. Marlewski. An approach for runoff computation using three data mining techniques V. Bojkov. IV: Challenges in Urban Water Supply. Transformation of the water supplying sector in the countries of Central Europe L. Tuhovcak. Impact of hydraulic conditions on the water quality in the distribution network. Case study from Prague's network J. Kobr. Requirements on the water supply systems in Romania V. Rojanschi. Cost effects of different calculation methods on water distribution systems A. Cem Koc. V: CSO Management and Control. CSO: state of the art review A.J. Saul. CSO pollution control policies and procedures in the UK B. Crabtree. Optimal wastewater system storage tank volume to meet receiving water quality standards D. Butler, K.T. Lau. VI: Wastewater Management. Wet-weather transient impacts on wastewater treatment A.G. Capodaglio. Sizing of wastewater sludge anaerobic digesters R. Arsov. Low-lime coagulation for the enhancement of primary treatment of urban wastewater D. Marani, R. Ramadori, A.C. di Pinto, R. Passino. Integrated modelling of urban wastewater systems M. Schutze, N. Schulz, P. Krebs. VII: Urban Water and Cachment Management. The data management for master planning in water supply, drainage and waste treatment T. Metelka. Study, assessment and problems of management of small urban reservoirs in Belarus T.I. Kukharchyk, V.S. Khomich, S.V. kakareka. Water protection of the Dyje River basin R. Halhoun, J. Sebek. Lielupe River basin management plan: pollution sources and characteristics D. Hadonina. VIII: Urban Water Services Delivery. Management and development strategy for water supply and sewerage in Bulgaria Iv. Saev. Main private-sector participation in water utilities: risks and possibilities for their reduction and mitigation A. Paskalev. Private sector participation in water and wastewater management in Bulgaria. Sofia case study. First stage of assets management planning and business process re-engineering M. Martaud.

Population growth and improving standards of living, coupled with dramatically increased urbanization, are placing increased pressures on available water resources, necessitating new approaches to urban water management. The tradition linear "take, make, waste" approach to managing water increasingly is proving to be unsustainable, as it is leading to water stress (insufficient water supplies), unsustainable resource (energy and chemicals) consumption, the dispersion of nutrients into the aquatic environment (especially phosphorus), and financially unstable utilities. Different approaches are needed to achieve economic, environmental, and social sustainability. Fortunately, a toolkit consisting of stormwater management/rainwater harvesting, water conservation, water reclamation and reuse, energy management, nutrient recovery, and source separation is available to allow more closed-loop urban water and resource management systems to be developed and implemented. Water conservation and water reclamation and reuse (multiple uses) are becoming commonplace in numerous water-short locations. Decentralization, enabled by new, high-performance treatment technologies and distributed stormwater management/rainwater harvesting, is furthering this transition. Likewise, traditional approaches to residuals management are evolving, as higher levels of energy recovery are desired, and nutrient recovery and reuse is to be enhanced. A variety of factors affect selection of the optimum approach for a particular urban area, including local hydrology, available water supplies, water demands, local energy and nutrient-management situations, existing infrastructure, and utility governance structure. A proper approach to economic analysis is critical to determine the most sustainable solutions. Stove piping (i.e., separate management of drinking, storm, and waste water) within the urban water and resource management profession must be eliminated. Adoption of these new approaches to urban water and resource management can lead to more sustainable solutions, defined as financially stable, using locally sustainable water supplies, energy-neutral, providing responsible nutrient management, and with access to clean water and appropriate sanitation for all.

With an increasing proportion of the world's population living in urban areas, probably the greatest potential for saving energy lies in designing more efficient cities. This has been known for many years and has led to the development of a large number of mathematical models designed to optimise urban energy systems. Despite the wide variety of models available, many are specific to particular energy pathways or contain specific equations for each type of technology, making them difficult to apply to a very broad spectrum of problems. Further, many models only consider a network of conversion technologies and there are very few that can include storage and transport technologies in a flexible and general manner. This paper presents a general mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for the simultaneous design and operation of urban energy systems. It is based on a flexible value web framework for representing integrated networks of resources and technologies. The resources represent any energy or material involved in the provision of services such as heat and electricity; whereas the technologies represent any type of technology for conversion, transport or storage of resources. It can be applied to urban energy systems problems at different temporal and spatial scales. The model is illustrated using an eco-town in central England as a case study. Demands for heat and electricity must be met by importing grid electricity, natural gas and/or two types of biomass and using a variety technologies, including domestic gas-fired boilers, domestic wood-chip boilers and various biomass-fired combined heat and power plants. The model optimises the design and operation of the integrated heat and electricity networks. The cost optimal solution indicates that all of the heat can be met using a single biomass CHP plant along with a backup boiler; electricity needs to be imported from the grid during periods of low heat demand.

The Effect of Indirect GHG Emissions Costs on the Optimal Water and Energy Supply Systems

Internet of Things (IoT) with Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the virtue to address the key challenges encountered by the excessive Urban population; contributing to water management, waste management, energy crisis, and many such affairs. The urban city has reached the level of water scarcity with no adequate water supply. The lack of interconnectivity within the city also leads to severe consequences, such as delayed responses to emergency situations along with irregular traffic and infrastructure management. “Dholera” the futuristic city attempt to solve these issues. Dholera is the biggest and India’s first upcoming greenfield smart city solution developed under the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) project in Gujarat, India. We have analyzed a few domains from this township project, to mention a few - Water Management, Waste Management, City Integrated Operation Centre (CIOC) and City portal. This paper spotlights on the novel ideas enhancing the smart city features and the working. Automating the city resources using futuristic technologies like big data analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) would make the city well-functioning. In Dholera city, various sensors are mounted and interconnected to collect the data, monitor it, and communicate the values for dynamic action(s). Dholera has AI-based urban transportation, smart grids, renewable energy, solar power, waste and water management, along with urban farming, contributing to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and improving energy, water and managing traffic issues effectively. Smart cities are well classified as the growth bar contributing to the universal economy. This paper presents various models making the Dholera city a Fast Responsive, Sustainable, Intelligent and well-connected township.

We study the complex combinatorial optimization problem to schedule the activities of a single project with the objective to complete the project within the shortest-possible amount of time such that the limited resource capacities as well as the prescribed precedence relations between pairs of the activities are taken into account. In addition to various specific solution algorithms, the related literature proposes several Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) models, but these models remain complex to solve even for small-sized instances. We present a novel approach based on an MILP model in which the resource-capacity constraints are formulated for all inclusion-minimal sets of activities which, due to the limited capacities of the resources, cannot be processed simultaneously. We propose to remove these constraints from the model and iteratively add those constraints back which are violated in the solutions obtained. For a set of test instances from the literature, our computational results indicate that with respect to both, the deviation of the project duration obtained from the lower bound devised from the critical-path length and the number of instances solved to optimality, the novel lazy-constraints approach outperforms ten state-of-the-art MILP models.

Several cities are facing water emergencies related to urbanization impact and amplified by climate change. Most of the cities have responded to these crises through short-term measures. However, some cities have incorporated a watershed approach to water management in seeking more sustainable solutions. Although the importance of a watershed approach in land management is generally acknowledged, studies on this topic have typically focused on theoretical models, water management in rural areas or single case-studies of cities or countries. In this research, a scoping review of the literature was performed, based on the PRISMA 2020 statement, in three databases: Web of Science, Google Scholar and SciELO. Forty-one studies were identified analyzing 17 city cases implementing urban actions from a watershed approach in water management. These cities were from the Global North and Asian rising world powers. The lack of results of cities from the Global South, based on the research undertaken, was the main limitation and bias identified. Most of the Global South results identified in this research were theoretical models, scenarios and cases of rural areas instead of urban contexts. The results obtained indicate that the main motivations for cities to implement a watershed approach were water scarcity, floods and contamination of water bodies. The implemented actions focused on the shift from gray to green and blue infrastructure and on conservation measures. Lastly, the challenges to introduce those actions were mainly the lack of economic investment, insufficient experience, stakeholder opposition, and regulatory obstacles. Urban water management could be seen as an opportunity to change the way we relate to urban territory. Incorporating a watershed approach into urban planning and water management could promote more sustainable cities.

Combined cooling, heat, and power systems present higher energy efficiency and consequent financial benefits due to the reduced consumption of energy resources. In addition, there is the possibility of combining renewable and non-renewable energy resources. This study develops an economic optimization to identify the optimal configuration and operation for an energy supply system. The optimal configuration is a subset of the available equipment, which includes solar collectors, fuel lines, electric grid, photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, gas boilers, engine-generator sets, recovery boilers, and absorption and compression chillers. The optimization method consists of four steps: pre-selection of the set of equipment to be evaluated, generation of all possible equipment combinations, optimization of the operation of each configuration based on a linear programming model, and exhaustive search to identify the lowest Net Present Value (objective function). A sensitivity analysis verified the optimal system in different β values, where β is a multiplier of the fuel (βfuel) and electricity (βele) tariffs. By systematically varying the β value, it is possible to identify the optimal system for different fuel and electricity tariffs. For example, for an optimization with βele = 1 and βfuel = 1.2, this assumes that the electricity tariff has not changed and the fuel tariff has increased by 20%. The optimal system (optimization with βfuel = 1 and βele = 1) meets the electricity and chilled water demands with electricity from the electric grid. A gas boiler meets the hot water demand. Due to the dependence on the electric grid, the optimizations with different β values result in systems with different configurations. For βele > 1.03 the solution is based on photovoltaic panels, when βele > 1.2 the solution is based on wind turbines and photovoltaic panels, and for βele > 1.33 the solution includes all equipment initially available. For βfuel < 0.48 the solution is constituted by an engine-generator set, recovery boiler, absorption and compression chiller, and a gas boiler. The optimal system obtained in the optimization with βele = 1 and βfuel = 1 showed a high risk of investment in the resilience analysis, indicating that other systems can be installed, bringing satisfactory results in the long term.

A MILP model to relieve the occurrence of new demand peaks by improving the load factor in smart homes

The management of the Affairs of the administration of mineral resources and energy field is a very vital Affairs. Through an energy and mineral resources is subject to his life a lot of almost the entire population of Indonesia. In conjunction with the autonomous region, there is a division of duties and authorities delegated from the Centre and the province to the City/County is included in the management of energy and mineral resources. In the management of course there must be institutional authorities and get permission before carrying out exploration. The existence of an integrated one-stop permitting currently on the Government ease the Sragen district are expected to obtain permission in the management of energy and mineral resources. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the institutional side of there is still overlap within the Division of duties and authorities between The SDA, DPU, BLH and BPTPM which resulted in complexity in the running tasks and authorities. the lack of qualified personnel resources in the field of energy and mineral resources, adding to the heavy workload that had to be in the way. In an effort to get permission apparently until recently there hasn't been good in terms of regulatory or permitting that specifically is an integrated one-stop licensing at BPTPM. This resulted in the applicant must be from table to table to get recommendations to the management of permissions. Therefore, it is necessary the presence of the Division of duties and authorities in detail through the applicable local regulations or Regent. Hiring employees with the competencies of the field of energy and mineral resources. As well as enforcing one-stop permitting at BPTPM in the management of mineral resources and energy with the help of a technical team consisting of SKPD related. Of course with such policies will support the Government in the framework of the management of Sragen district affairs governance areas such as energy and mineral resources.

SummaryIn view of urbanization trends coupled with climate‐change challenges, it is increasingly important to establish less‐harmful means of urban living. To date, urban metabolism (UM) studies have quantified the aggregate material and energy flows into and out of cities and, further, have identified how consumer activity causes these flows. However, little attention has been paid to the networks of conversion processes that link consumer end‐use demands to aggregate metabolic flows. Here, we conduct a systematic literature search to assemble a database of 202 urban energy, water, and waste management processes. We show how the database can help planners and policy makers choose the preferred process to meet a specific resource management need; identify synergies between energy, water, and waste management processes; and compute optimal networks of processes to meet an area's consumer demand at minimum environmental cost. We make our database publicly available under an open‐source license and discuss the possibilities for how it might be used alongside other industrial ecology data sets to enhance research opportunities. This will encourage more holistic UM analyses, which appreciate how both consumer activity and the engineered urban system work together to influence aggregate metabolic flows and thus support efforts to make cities more sustainable.