A transdisciplinary approach to mass-movements mitigation strategies in volcanic habitats: an approach from complex systems

The Interaction between Local and International Peacebuilding Actors: Partners for PeaceHellmüller, SaraLondon, Palgrave Macmillan (2018), 233<i>p., ISBN 978‐3‐319‐65300‐6</i>

The longstanding debate around the merits of promoting social class mix in urban neighbourhoods has taken a new twist in recent times. A transatlantic and neoliberal convergence of policy advice, supported by the ‘neighbourhood effects’ thesis, makes a case for addressing deep poverty by spatially deconcentrating it, inter alia, by gentrification. While developing trenchant critiques of this approach, critical urban scholarship has tended to take a ‘top‐down’ view of urban neoliberalism, giving insufficient consideration to the agency of local governance actors in policy design and implementation, as well as to differences in national and local reference points with regard to what social mix connotes. We present findings of a comparative study of the meanings and effects attributed to social mix by key local policy actors across three ‘distressed’ neighbourhoods: in inner‐city Paris (France), Bristol (UK) and Montréal (Canada), targeted for neighbourhood revitalization involving planned residential social mix in two cases and diversification of local retailing and its consumer base in all three. We find that while local actors' rationales for social mix do reflect a neoliberal turn, this is not embraced unequivocally and a strong home‐grown element, drawing on national or local ‘myths’, persists. Our study sheds light on the expectations that local policy actors have on the incoming middle classes to make the mix ‘work’ by supporting community; pointing to the paradoxes and limitations of such a perspective.RésuméLe débat déjà ancien sur l’intérêt de promouvoir la mixité sociale dans les quartiers urbains vient de connaître un revirement. Une convergence transatlantique et néolibérale des orientations politiques, soutenue par la thèse des ‘effets de proximité’, préconise de remédier à la grande pauvreté par une déconcentration spatiale, notamment via la gentrification. Tout en étant très critiques à l’égard de cette approche, les auteurs de recherches urbaines ont plutôt favorisé une vision du néolibéralisme urbain imposée d’en haut, négligeant en partie l’agence des acteurs de la gouvernance locale dans la conception et l’application des politiques, ainsi que les différences de repères nationaux et locaux dans ce qu’évoque la mixité sociale. Les résultats présentés émanent d’une étude comparative des significations et effets attribués à la mixité sociale par les principaux acteurs de l’action publique dans trois quartiers ‘sinistrés’ du centre‐ville de Paris, Bristol et Montréal, ceux‐ci faisant l’objet d’une revitalisation dans laquelle s’inscrivent la mixité sociale de l’espace résidentiel pour deux d’entre eux, et la diversification des commerces de proximité et de leur clientèle dans les trois cas. Si la justification de la mixité sociale par les acteurs locaux reflète effectivement un virage néolibéral, elle n’est pas adoptée sans hésitations, et une forte composante spécifique au lieu persiste, née de ‘mythes’ nationaux ou locaux. L’étude éclaire sur ce que les acteurs de la politique locale attendent des nouveaux habitants issus des classes moyennes pour que le mélange ‘prenne’ grâce à leur soutien à la communauté; elle met ainsi le doigt sur les paradoxes et limites de ce genre de perspective.

Previous articleNext article FreeThe Temperatures of Hot Springs and the Sources of Their Heat and Water Supply. IIHot Springs of the Valley of Ten Thousand SmokesE. G. ZiesE. G. Zies Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Geology Volume 32, Number 4May - Jun., 1924 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/623097 Views: 28Total views on this site Citations: 13Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Fernando Tornos, Francisco Velasco, John M. Hanchar The Magmatic to Magmatic-Hydrothermal Evolution of the El Laco Deposit (Chile) and Its Implications for the Genesis of Magnetite-Apatite Deposits, Economic Geology 112, no.77 (Nov 2017): 1595–1628.https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2017.4523Julie A. Bowles, Jeffrey S. Gee, Mike J. Jackson, Margaret S. Avery Geomagnetic paleointensity in historical pyroclastic density currents: Testing the effects of emplacement temperature and postemplacement alteration, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 16, no.1010 (Oct 2015): 3607–3625.https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC005910Mike Jackson, Julie A. Bowles Curie temperatures of titanomagnetite in ignimbrites: Effects of emplacement temperatures, cooling rates, exsolution, and cation ordering, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15, no.1111 (Nov 2014): 4343–4368.https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005527Noor Hogeweg, T.E.C. Keith, E.M. Colvard, S.E. Ingebritsen Ongoing hydrothermal heat loss from the 1912 ash-flow sheet, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 143, no.44 (May 2005): 279–291.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.12.003Gordon N. Keating The role of water in cooling ignimbrites, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 142, no.1-21-2 (Apr 2005): 145–171.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.10.019Elizabeth Warner Holt 18O/16O evidence for an early, short-lived (∼10 yr), fumarolic event in the Topopah Spring Tuff near the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository within Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 201, no.3-43-4 (Aug 2002): 559–573.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00735-5Elizabeth Warner Holt, Hugh P. Taylor 18O/16O mapping and hydrogeology of a short-lived (≈10 years) fumarolic (>500°C) meteoric–hydrothermal event in the upper part of the 0.76 Ma Bishop Tuff outflow sheet, California, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 83, no.1-21-2 (Jul 1998): 115–139.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00014-6Carey Gazis, Hugh P. Taylor, Ken Hon, Andrei Tsvetkov Oxygen isotopic and geochemical evidence for a short-lived, high-temperature hydrothermal event in the Chegem caldera, Caucasus Mountains, Russia, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 73, no.3-43-4 (Oct 1996): 213–244.https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(96)00023-6Lisa Shevenell, Fraser Goff Evolution of hydrothermal waters at Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 69, no.1-21-2 (Dec 1995): 73–94.https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(95)00021-6T.E.C. Keith, J.M. Thompson, R.A. Hutchinson, L.D. White Geochemistry of waters in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes region, Alaska, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 49, no.3-43-4 (Feb 1992): 209–231.https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(92)90015-6Terry E.C. Keith Fossil and active fumaroles in the 1912 eruptive deposits, Valley of ten thousand smokes, Alaska, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 45, no.3-43-4 (Apr 1991): 227–254.https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(91)90061-4J.B. Koenig Geothermal exploration in the Western United States, Geothermics 2 (Jan 1970): 1–13.https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(70)90001-5P. L. Ward, T. Matumoto A summary of volcanic and seismic activity in Katmai National Monument, Alaska, Bulletin Volcanologique 31, no.11 (Dec 1967): 107–129.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02597009

Conceptualizations of local knowledge in collaborative environmental governance

Current UN peace-building missions all share a strong emphasis on the importance of local participation to make peace processes sustainable. New missions are increasingly designed in order to favour local involvement in different projects. Yet, despite this insistence, there are significant problems that hinder collaboration between local and international actors. Through an analysis of interviews in the field with local actors and UN staff in Liberia and Burundi we identify and categorise the problems into two categories: actor and structure related. In an attempt to explain why these difficulties arise and persist, we use a sociological perspective that emphasises the importance of practical knowledge over representational knowledge in a post-conflict structure. We argue that both external and local actors' background knowledge and individual motivations, in combination with the many factors composing the constraining post-conflict structure, hinder an efficient collaboration, which could render the peace-building projects more sustainable. Structural suggestions on how to increase participation include more long-term projects, as well as longer mandates to avoid time pressure and to build capacity. Lastly, there is a need for detailed guidelines to understand who the ‘locals’ are, when to get involved and under what circumstances in order to avoid ‘spoilers’.

This article aims to identify mechanisms that tourism managers use to include local actors’ knowledge. By applying assemblage theory – which describes emergent social wholes composed of heterogeneous, autonomous parts that contribute to a collective identity – knowledge is framed as cohesive wholes that lack a central core and is shared among actors to address specific issues. The empirical data consist of interviews, participant observations and documentation gathered from an event management group organising a large-scale, one-off orientation event in northern Sweden. The findings revealed that, apart from a few local actors, the event management group largely excluded local knowledge, thereby allowing them to downplay the importance of local nature protection in their event organisation. This article contributes four mechanisms: sharpening, separating, creating internal narratives and isolating the involvement of local actors. When maintaining a low degree of shared knowledge with local actors, the event organiser could adhere to pre-existing norms, leading the organiser to prioritise knowledge that can be territorialised in any location. Assemblage theory highlights that local knowledge always remains partial, which event management can exploit to erroneously claim local involvement. Partial local involvement ensures smooth management operations that fit the global market but may not adhere to local needs.

Historical volcanoes of Armenia and adjacent areas: What is revisited?

Connecting to the disaster risk reduction (DRR) studies, community-based initiatives are found to be more effective in both developed and developing countries, with a specific focus on the empowerment of local communities to build resilience. Building on social capital theory, the paper investigates on local knowledge (LK) practices experienced by the actors in an emerging economy using the community-based flood risk management (CB-FRM) approach. The qualitative research method was used by collecting data from focused group discussions, and interviews with the key informants including actors from local governments and non-government organizations. Additionally, informal discussions, field visits, and desk studies were undertaken to support the findings. The findings reveal that the local communities carry out various local knowledge experiences to respond during disaster management phases. They own a creative set of approaches based on the LK and that empowers them to live in the flood-prone areas, accepting the paradigm shift from fighting with floods to living with that. The local actor’s involvement is recognized as an essential component for CB-FRM activities. Yet, their program’s implementation is more oriented towards humanitarian assistance in emergency responses. Even, they often overlook the role of LK. Additionally, the results show a high level of presence of local communities during the preparedness and recovery phases, while NGOs and local governments have a medium role in preparedness and low in recovery phase. The lack of local ownership has also emerged as the major challenge. The research provides valuable insights for integrated CB-FRM policies by adopting to LK practices.

ABSTRACTThis study sheds light on how self‐developed local accounting and control systems (so‐called vernacular accounting systems;VAS) can influence knowledge integration in development processes of enabling global accounting and control systems. We focus on accounting and control systems as devices that enable local actors to build on codified knowledge to create “new” knowledge that can facilitate local problem solving. We argue that local actors would evaluate a proposed global system as enabling or coercive depending on both their ability to manipulate the knowledge codified within as well as the consequences that the codified knowledge has for their authority in the local knowledge creation process. Based on a case study of the development process of a global accounting and control system, we demonstrate thatVAScan play a crucial role in both local actors’ evaluation of a proposed system (as points of reference) and their influence on knowledge integration (as knowledge transformation devices). Furthermore, local actors may continue to rely on theirVASif they realize that the proposed global system does not fit their needs. Local actors can thus use theirVAS(as negotiation devices) to strengthen their position in the development process as counterparts to the global system designers because the “threat” of continuing to use theVASmay prompt system designers to integrate local knowledge into the proposed global system. We thus also suggest that, if made visible to others and actively mobilized,VASmay foster productive debates that facilitate the migration of local knowledge into global systems.

Not on the ruins, but with the ruins of the past – Inertia and change in the financial reporting field in a transitioning country

Public policies on fire in forest ecosystems are changing from fire-fighting and suppression to an integrated management approach that incorporates ecological and social considerations. However, policy implementation is usually directed by central governments without considering local actors. We identified key local actors in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. This is an important natural protected area of high socio-environmental complexity and the overwintering sites of monarch butterfly that migrate from Canada and United States every year. We applied network and grounded theories to analyze qualitative information derived from semi-structured interviews with 28 key local actors including government employees, local inhabitants, non-governmental organization and academic personnel. We identified actors who play essential roles in local fire management. Aside from fire-fighting, local actors engage in fire prevention, habitat restoration, research, training, planning, coordination, and communication activities that are specific to a spatial, temporal, institutional, and environmental context of fire management. The incorporation of the concepts that local actors associate with fire knowledge, behavior, and regimes would result in better planning for fire management in the short, medium, and long-term.

Alternatives to sustainable seafood certifications: Transitions of small-scale fisheries governance in northeastern Japan

Biogeographies: Transcending anthropocentrism in the Anthropocene

Previous articleNext article No AccessDiscussionLaminar Viscous Flowage Structures in Ash-Flow Tuffs from Gran Canaria, Canary Islands: A DiscussionDonald C. NobleDonald C. Noble Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Geology Volume 76, Number 6Nov., 1968 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/627396 Views: 3Total views on this site Citations: 15Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1968 University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Claudia Principe, Luigina Vezzoli Monte Amiata volcano (Tuscany, Italy) in the history of volcanology: 2—its role in the definition of “ignimbrite” concepts and in the development of the “rheoignimbrite” model of Alfred Rittmann, Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31, no.33 (Jul 2020): 539–561.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00932-8Steven W. Novak Eruptive History of the Rhyolitic Kane Springs Wash Volcanic Center, Nevada, (Mar 2014): 8603–8615.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118782095.ch27Howard R. Horgrove, Petro-Lewis Denver, Michael F. Sheridan Welded Tuffs Deformed into Megarheomorphic Folds During Collapse of the McDermitt Caldera, Nevada-Oregon, (Mar 2014): 8629–8638.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118782095.ch29Philip T Leat, Hans-Ulrich Schmincke Large-scale rheomorphic shear deformation in Miocene peralkaline ignimbrite E, Gran Canaria, Bulletin of Volcanology 55, no.33 (Feb 1993): 155–165.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301513Kelsie A. Dadd Structures within large volume rhyolite lava flows of the Devonian Comerong Volcanics, southeastern Australia, and the Pleistocene Ngongotaha lava dome, New Zealand, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 54, no.1-21-2 (Dec 1992): 33–51.https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(92)90113-RMichael J Branney, Peter Kokelaar A reappraisal of ignimbrite emplacement: progressive aggradation and changes from particulate to non-particulate flow during emplacement of high-grade ignimbrite, Bulletin of Volcanology 54, no.66 (Aug 1992): 504–520.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301396Antony John Reedman, Ki Hwa Park, Richard James Merriman, Seon Eok Kim Welded tuff infilling a volcanic vent at Weolseong, Republic of Korea, Bulletin of Volcanology 49, no.33 (Jun 1987): 541–546.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01080448P.T. Leat Interaction of a rheomorphic peralkaline ash-flow tuff and underlying deposits, Menengai volcano, Kenya, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 26, no.1-21-2 (Oct 1985): 131–145.https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90049-6Steven W. Novak Eruptive history of the rhyolitic Kane Springs Wash Volcanic Center, Nevada, Journal of Geophysical Research 89, no.B10B10 (Jan 1984): 8603.https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB10p08603Howard R. Hargrove, Denver Petro-Lewis, Michael F. Sheridan Welded tuffs deformed into megarheomorphic folds during collapse of the McDermitt Caldera, Nevada-Oregon, Journal of Geophysical Research 89, no.B10B10 (Jan 1984): 8629.https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB10p08629J.A. Wolff, J.V. Wright Rheomorphism of welded tuffs, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 10, no.1-31-3 (May 1981): 13–34.https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(81)90052-4W. D. Birch Petrogenesis of some palaeozoic rhyolites in Victoria, Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 25, no.1-21-2 (Aug 2007): 75–87.https://doi.org/10.1080/00167617808729015R. Macdonald, D. K. Bailey, F. Barberi Recommendations for further studies on the peralkaline oversaturated volcanic rocks, Bulletin Volcanologique 38, no.22 (Jun 1974): 828–860.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02596910Brian E. Lock Zonal schemes in ancient ignimbrites, Geological Magazine 108, no.22 (May 2009): 103–109.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800051116J.N. Rosholt, D.C. Noble Loss of uranium from crystallized silicic volcanic rocks, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 6, no.44 (Jul 1969): 268–270.https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(69)90166-6

A growing literature on localization of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reflects persistent tensions between a generic and aspirational global sustainability agenda and the challenges that local actors face in implementing these goals under very specific local conditions. Contributors to this extant literature have struggled to resolve this tension, in part because they have not recognized that a potential solution to the problem of local diversity is inherent within emerging networks of local actors themselves. This Brief Report proposes an empowerment of local sustainability actor networks with the help of a digital infrastructure for worldwide peer exchange. It advocates for a process of global empirical data aggregation on local sustainable solutions knowledge that would fully complement the top-down agenda of the SDGs.