A toolkit for the analysis of biomechanical overload and prevention of WMSDs: Criteria, procedures and tool selection in a step-by-step approach

Abstract

BackgroundWhen studying work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), various factors (mechanical, organizational, psychophysical, individual) and their interrelationships have been considered to be important in general models for epidemiologic surveys and risk assessment and management. Hence the need for a “holistic” approach towards MSD prevention. On the other hand, considering the widespread presence of these factors and of WMSDs in many work places located in both developed and developing countries, there is a strong demand from OSH agencies and operators for “simple” risk assessment and management tools that can also be used by non-experts. ObjectivesThis paper is one of the main contributions towards a WHO/IEA project for developing a “Toolkit for WMSD prevention” by the TC on MSD of the IEA. The paper focuses on selecting tools at different levels for hazard identification, risk estimation and management. The proposals were primarily developed in this context but they also derive from other converging issues such as the ISO TR 12295 – published in 2014. Methods and criteriaProposals are based on two essential criteria: 1) adoption of a step-by-step approach starting with basic tools and moving to more complex tools only when necessary; 2) factoring in complexity and the presence of multiple influencing factors at every step (although with different degrees of in-depth analysis). ResultsThe proposals include: Step one: identification of preliminary occupational hazards and priority setting via “key-enter” questions (at this step, all potential hazards affecting WMSDs should be considered). Step two: identification of risk factors for WMSDs, consisting of a “quick assessment” and substantially aimed at identifying three possible conditions: acceptable/no consequences; critical/redesign urgently needed; more detailed analysis required. Step three: recognized tools for estimating risk (of WMSDs) are used depending on the outcomes of step two. Examples of such tools include “adaptations” of the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation, Liberty Mutual Psychophysical Tables, OCRA Checklist, etc. These tools should adequately cover most of the influencing factors. Relevance to industryThe use of a step-by-step approach and validated risk estimation tools, in accordance with international standards, makes it possible to tackle the challenge of simplifying complexity in the assessment of biomechanical overload conditions and in the prevention of WMSDs in enterprises of all sizes, small businesses, agriculture, and in developing countries.