A time-calibrated mitogenomic phylogeny suggests that Korean Hyalessa fuscata is a bridge between Chinese and Japanese H. maculaticollis

Abstract

The cicada species, Hyalessa fuscata and H. maculaticollis(Hemiptera: Cicadidae), share numerous morphological characters, and their status as distinct species remains controversial. We reconstructed a phylogeny based on two new mitogenomes of H. fuscata from Korea and H. maculaticollis from Japan, in combination with GenBank sequences of H. maculaticollis from China and Japan, and other closely related cicada species. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenies showed that H. fuscata from Korea is more closely related to H. maculaticollis from China than either is to H. maculaticollis from Japan. The time-calibrated Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees (BEAST) phylogeny indicated that the mainland and insular forms diverged approximately 1.7-2.6 million years ago. This coincides with the formation of the East China Sea land bridge between East Asia and the Japanese archipelago, which would provide a dispersal corridor for Hyalessa from the mainland via the Korean peninsula southeastward to Japan. East Asian H. fuscata is a geographic variant that may be considered synonymous with H. maculaticollis.