A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF COMMELINACEAE OF BIHAR AND JHARKHAND STATES, INDIA

The introduction and use of ornamental plants in gardens is the main pathway for plant invasions globally. High numbers of ornamental plants in gardens may not have started an invasion process yet and are a risk for possible future invasions. Gardeners could be among the first to notice plant traits that have also been recognised to contribute to the potential risk of ornamental plants to escape from cultivation. We asked gardeners in Britain to report ornamental plants that were spreading within their gardens and difficult to control using an online survey. Gardeners submitted 201 records of 121 species of which 104 are non-native in Britain. Most non-native species reported were already recorded and wide-spread in Britain outside cultivation, but about a third are not widely distributed, and eight species are not known outside cultivation. Gardeners’ control efforts were mainly directed to confine plants from further spread, but they also tried to eradicate many of the reported plants. Our results provide evidence that gardeners’ knowledge could help to identify potentially problematic invasive plants early in the invasion process. Even with low levels of participation all evidence collected would be very valuable in official risk management procedures as well as supporting legal obligations on early detection, surveillance and monitoring. At the same time, however, raising awareness of the problem by actively collaborating with gardeners could be of equal importance for the prevention of ornamental plant invasions in the future.

The present work deals with enumeration of 28 numbers of monocotyledonous climbing species of Bihar and Jharkhand states. Local names, phenology, distribution, ecological status and uses of the species with in the states are also presented.

<p>The geography and climate environment in Jiangsu and Zhejiang area of China is suitable for most of the plant’s growth, so when choosing ornamental garden plants , in addition to on the basic of the local natural environment to choose appropriate plants wisely, and ensuring the ornamental garden plants can adapt to the natural environment in Jiangsu and Zhejiang area, but also give full consideration to the diversity and coordination of ornamental garden plants in selection and configuration. It should follow the principal of “Appreciate flowers in spring, enjoy shade in summer, observe color in autumn, and have green in winter”, so that the view is do the four seasons, and each view is different, each has his strong point. It can take full advantages of the aesthetic characteristics of ornamental garden plants, create a more beautiful environment. The research mainly analyzed the landscape function of ornamental garden plants and discussed the problem of ornamental garden plants selection and configuration for in Jiangsu and Zhejiang area. On the basis of following the principle of ornamental garden plants selection and configuration，the author put forward the strategy of the ornamental garden plants configuration in Jiangsu and Zhejiang area, in order to provide certain reference for optimizing the selection and configuration of ornamental garden plants in Jiangsu and Zhejiang area.</p>

<p>The geography and climate environment in Jiangsu and Zhejiang area of China is suitable for most of the plant’s growth, so when choosing ornamental garden plants , in addition to on the basic of the local natural environment to choose appropriate plants wisely, and ensuring the ornamental garden plants can adapt to the natural environment in Jiangsu and Zhejiang area, but also give full consideration to the diversity and coordination of ornamental garden plants in selection and configuration. It should follow the principal of “Appreciate flowers in spring, enjoy shade in summer, observe color in autumn, and have green in winter”, so that the view is do the four seasons, and each view is different, each has his strong point. It can take full advantages of the aesthetic characteristics of ornamental garden plants, create a more beautiful environment. The research mainly analyzed the landscape function of ornamental garden plants and discussed the problem of ornamental garden plants selection and configuration for in Jiangsu and Zhejiang area. On the basis of following the principle of ornamental garden plants selection and configuration，the author put forward the strategy of the ornamental garden plants configuration in Jiangsu and Zhejiang area, in order to provide certain reference for optimizing the selection and configuration of ornamental garden plants in Jiangsu and Zhejiang area.</p>

The Tradescantia micronucleus test is a sensitive bioassay for mutagenesis that may be employed both under field and laboratory conditions. This test has been standardized mostly on the basis of the results obtained with clone 4430. However, this clone is not well adapted to tropical weather, frequently showing problems with growth and flowering. In addition, it is attacked by parasites and insects, a fact that limits its use in field studies aiming at the biomonitoring of air pollution. In the city of São Paulo, Tradescantia pallida (Rose) Hunt. var. purpurea Boom is widely distributed as an ornamental plant in gardens and along roadsides and streets, mostly because of its natural resistance and its easy propagation. In this report, we present dose-response curves indicating that the sensitivity of T. pallida and clone 4430 to X-radiation (1, 10, 25 and 50 cGy) is similar. The results confirm our previous suggestion that T. pallida represents a good alternative for in situ mutagenesis testing in tropical regions, especially biomonitoring studies in which the exposure conditions may not be fully controllable.

In recent years, the development of the floriculture sector has received rising attention, particularly for the benefit of small-scale agricultural enterprises producing domestic seedlings of perennial ornamental plants and for export to neighbouring countries. Plant diseases, including those associated with phytoplasma infections and plant viruses, are affected by this industry, as are other sectors of the agricultural economy.In a number of commercial cut flowers and ornamental plants, phytoplasma and plant virus infection causes diseases, causing major economic losses globally.Therefore, phytoplasma and plant virus diseases are the key constraints in the production of lucrative ornamental plants and lower their quantum and quality, gaining international importance due to unspecific symptoms, different losses and complex epidemiology around the world. These disease epidemics forced the removal of several varieties of floricultural plants such as gladiolus, lily, chrysanthemum and rose from cultivation. In various ornamental plants in botanical gardens and various floriculture farms, symptoms of general yellowing as well as plant stunting, shoot proliferation, phyllody, virescence, lower cost of flowers and reddening of leaves were observed. The prevalent mode of distribution of plant viruses is vector transmission, vegetative propagation or seed, although in some cases, viruses are transmitted by mechanical contact. Begomoviruses in economically important ornamental plants, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions, are among the most dangerous epidemic-causing pathogens, but phytoplasmas of ornamental plants have been widely distributed geographically. Information on phytoplasma and begomovirus infecting ornamental plants has been addressed in this study

BackgroundThe primary pigments in flowers are anthocyanins, the biosynthesis of which is mainly regulated by R2R3-MYBs. Muscari armeniacum is an ornamental garden plant with deep cobalt blue flowers containing delphinidin-based anthocyanins. An anthocyanin-related R2R3-MYB MaAN2 has previously been identified in M. armeniacum flowers; here, we also characterized a novel R2R3-MYB MaMybA, to determine its function and highlight similarities and differences between MaMybA and MaAN2.ResultsIn this study, a novel anthocyanin-related R2R3-MYB gene was isolated from M. armeniacum flowers and functionally identified. A sequence alignment showed that MaMybA contained motifs typically conserved with MaAN2 and its orthologs. However, the shared identity of the entire amino acid sequence between MaMybA and MaAN2 was 43.5%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they were both clustered into the AN2 subgroup of the R2R3-MYB family, but not in the same branch. We also identified a IIIf bHLH protein, MabHLH1, in M. armeniacum flowers. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay showed that MabHLH1 interacted with MaMybA or MaAN2 in vivo; a dual luciferase assay indicated that MaMybA alone or in interaction with MabHLH1 could regulate the expression of MaDFR and AtDFR, but MaAN2 required MabHLH1 to do so. When overexpressing MaMybA in Nicotiana tabacum ‘NC89’, the leaves, petals, anthers, and calyx of transgenic tobacco showed intense and magenta anthocyanin pigments, whereas those of OE-MaAN2 plants had lighter pigmentation. However, the ovary wall and seed skin of OE-MaMybA tobacco were barely pigmented, while those of OE-MaAN2 tobacco were reddish-purple. Moreover, overexpressing MaMybA in tobacco obviously improved anthocyanin pigmentation, compared to the OE-MaAN2 and control plants, by largely upregulating anthocyanin biosynthetic and endogenous bHLH genes. Notably, the increased transcription of NtF3′5′H in OE-MaMybA tobacco might lead to additional accumulation of delphinidin 3-rutinoside, which was barely detected in OE-MaAN2 and control plants. We concluded that the high concentration of anthocyanin and the newly produced Dp3R caused the darker color of OE-MaMybA compared to OE-MaAN2 tobacco.ConclusionThe newly identified R2R3-MYB transcription factor MaMybA functions in anthocyanin biosynthesis, but has some differences from MaAN2; MaMybA could also be useful in modifying flower color in ornamental plants.

Flax is a food and fiber crop cultivated in cooler regions of the world. The flowers are pure pale blue, 15–25 mm in diameter, with five petals. The fruit is a round, dry capsule 5–9 mm in diameter, containing several glossy brown seeds shaped like an apple pip, 4–7 mm long. Flax is grown for its oil, used as a nutritional supplement, and as an ingredient in many wood-finishing products. Flax is also grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Flax fibers are used to make linen. The Latin species name usitatissimum means "most useful. The oil is applied externally to treat joint and muscle pains, non-healing wounds, skin disorders. Flaxseed oil also helps in speeding up the healing of skin lesions and has proved very effective for everything acne, psoriasis, eczema, and sunburn. Omega-3 fatty acids offer protection against heart disease by getting to the membrane of body cells and acting as guards that admit only healthy substances and bar damaging ones.

Flax is a food and fiber crop cultivated in cooler regions of the world. The flowers are pure pale blue, 15–25 mm in diameter, with five petals. The fruit is a round, dry capsule 5–9 mm in diameter, containing several glossy brown seeds shaped like an apple pip, 4–7 mm long. Flax is grown for its oil, used as a nutritional supplement, and as an ingredient in many wood-finishing products. Flax is also grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Flax fibers are used to make linen. The Latin species name usitatissimum means “most useful. The oil is applied externally to treat joint and muscle pains, non-healing wounds, skin disorders. Flaxseed oil also helps in speeding up the healing of skin lesions and has proved very effective for everything acne, psoriasis, eczema, and sunburn. Omega-3 fatty acids offer protection against heart disease by getting to the membrane of body cells and acting as guards that admit only healthy substances and bar damaging ones.

Natural products and their intricate molecular framework have a long tradition as valued preliminary facts for therapeutic drug discovery. But affirmation of the safety, feature, and abundance of medicinal plants and natural products are the key issues in drug development. Lantana camara, a notorious weed and one of the commonly seen ornamental garden plants, is used in folk medicine for treating several health issues in several regions of the world. The plant organs are known to produce many metabolites in good yields with diverse biological activities. However, Lantana foliage consumption by grazing animals is found to be associated with intrahepatic cholestasis and liver damage. Despite vast diversity and biological importance of L. camara, the most important limitation till date is lack of mechanistic studies of its isolated compounds. There is a need of systematic and extensive research to make its reach to the clinical trials. It can be envisaged that in coming years, a rigorous and robust methodologies may warrant some promising lead molecules from L. camara.

Photinia × fraseri is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens (Deng et al. 16 2024). Agricultural industrial park of yangtze university (133 hm²) in Jingzhou, Hubei, China, has P. × fraseri extensively planted along most roadsides. However, this plant is prone to diseases. In July 2025, approximately 15% of P. × fraseri in the farm’s greenhouse showed black necrotic leaf symptoms, reducing ornamental value and threatening local cultivation. This study thus focuses on identifying the pathogen and developing control strategies to support healthy P. × fraseri cultivation. To isolate the pathogen, symptomatic leaf segments (5 × 5 mm) were collected from diseased plants. The leaf tissues were surface-disinfected with 75% ethanol and 2% NaClO for 30 s, rinsed three times with sterile water, and then incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium supplemented with 50 µg/mL streptomycin. Plates were kept at 28 °C in the dark for 3 days. Three colonies with similar morphology were obtained, all exhibiting a cotton-like appearance, initially grayish-white and later turning dark gray, with black pigmentation on the reverse side. On oat agar medium, conidia of the isolates were solitary or arranged in chains, mostly ellipsoid to obclavate, light to dark brown, and relatively smooth-walled. The conidia typically had 3-5 transverse septa and 1-2 longitudinal septa, which were clearly visible. Conidial dimensions ranged from 16.73 to 49.06 µm (n = 30). These morphological traits are consistent with descriptions of Alternaria alternata species complex (Woudenberg et al. 2014). For molecular identification, the gene regions ITS, GAPDH, RPB2, TEF1, SSU, OPA10-2, and LSU were analyzed (Woudenberg et al. 2015). The resulting sequences were deposited in the GenBank database. BLAST analysis revealed 99 - 100% similarity with the corresponding sequences of A. platycodonis CBS 121348 (ITS: KP124367, GAPDH: KP124219, RPB2: KP124836, TEF1: KP125144, SSU: KP124990, OPA10-2: KP124679, LSU: KP124520). Phylogenetic analysis using bayesian Inference (BI) placed the isolate in the same clade as the ex-type strain A. platycodanis CBS 121348. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by spray-inoculating leaves of P. × fraseri with a conidial suspension (10⁶ spores/mL) obtained from a 15-day-old culture. Three replicates were maintained at 25 °C. Symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed 20 days after inoculation, while control leaves treated with sterile water remained symptomless. To fulfill Koch’s postulates, the pathogen was re-isolated from the inoculated leaves and confirmed to be identical to the original isolate based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Alternaria platycodanis is known as a plant pathogen causing diseases such as black spot decay in pears (Qu et al. 2025), as well as foliar blight, leaf spot, and stem blackening in Lallemantia iberica (Pouralibaba et al. 2024). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing leaf spot on Photinia × fraseri in China.

Osmanthus fragrans is a woody, evergreen species of shrubs and small trees that is extensively planted in sub-tropical and temperate climates as an ornamental plant in gardens and for its health benefits. The flower color ranges from ivory to orange to pink among different varieties and even color difference during the whole blossom in the sweet osmanthus. Sweet osmanthus is widely cultivated throughout China and other countries due to its prominent fragrance, colorful flowers, and medicinal properties. However, the scanty genomic resources in the Olea family have greatly hindered further exploration of its genetic mechanism on these economically important traits. In this study, transcriptome sequencing of O. fragrans was performed using the Illumina HighSeqTM2000 sequencing platform. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of the transcriptome of O. fragrans produced 31.7G of clean bases (211,266,818 clean reads) that were assembled into 256,774 transcripts and 117,595 unigenes. Of them, 197 and 237 candidate genes involved in fragrance and pigment biosynthesis respectively were identified based on function annotation. Meanwhile, 1 unnamed protein and 468 functional unknown genes were also identified. Furthermore, mRNA sequencing expression profiling of O. fragrans were compared to previous genes’. In summary, this comprehensive transcriptome dataset allows the identification of genes associated with several major metabolic pathways and provides a useful public information platform for further functional genomic studiesin O. fragrans Lour.

Markhamia falcata (Seem) synonym Dolichondron falcata is belonging to family BIGNONIACEAE. Markhamia falcata commonly known as ‘Medhshing’ in hindi, ‘mesasinghi’ in Sanskrit (means look like sheep horn, showing in plate.) Markhamia falcata native to Malawi, Tanzania, South Africa, and India. In India it is found in Rajputana, Bundelkhand, Bihar, Deccan, Mysore, most forests of Madras Presidency. It is also planted as ornamental plant in Gardens. The plant Markhamia falcata (Seem) (Syn. Dolichandrone falcata) has been used mainly for diabetics, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antiesterogenic and for anxiolytic activities. The leaves are also used in the treatment of leucorrhea, body aches, abortion piles etc. Markhamia falcata contain chemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, sugars, saponin, amino acids, phenolic group etc. There are many medicinal plants for which limited phytochemical studies have been carried out and hence intensive efforts are required in this direction. Phyto-chemical quality of any herbal remedy is ensured by identification of biological compound present in it. Keeping this thought in mind, the present study was conducted in order to discover the qualitative and quantitative nature of leaves, and bark Markkhamia falcata. Since there is no proper information regarding histological character of this plant our efforts were devoted to study the pharmacognostical properties of this plant.

Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne. and Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. species are two creeping bushes, commonly used as ornamental plants in gardens and parks. The aim of this paper was to assess the concentrations of some classes of bioactive compounds classes, carotenoids, flavonoids and total phenolic compounds, in fresh fruits of these species. Carotenoids and flavonoids were determined through acetone and methanol extraction followed by spectrophotometry. For total phenolics, methanol extraction and a spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocalteu method was used. The total antioxidant capacity was quantified through photochemiluminescence method by comparison with the standard substance used for calibration, Trolox� as tocopherol analogue (ACL procedure) using Photochem apparatus, Analytik Jena AG, Germany. Average values found in Cotoneaster horizontalis and Cotoneaster microphyllus fruit tissue were 380.63 mg/kg, respectively 179.63 mg/kg, carotenoids; 8036.07 mg/kg, respectively 6888.06 mg/kg flavonoids; and 16342.06 mg/kg GAE, respectively 18631.35 mg/kg GAE total phenolic compounds. These values are comparable to those found in other wild and cultivated related Rosaceae, including domestic rowans. Cotoneaster microphyllus fruits emphasized an increased antioxidant activity (up to 39.69 μmol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight).

The oleander (Nerium oleander L.) is a flowering and evergreen shrub or small tree, belonging to the Dogbane family, cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens and public city areas. These plants, distributed originally in Asia and Mediterranean area, grow in many parts of the world, particularly in warm temperate and subtropical regions. Oleander is considered noxious weed and its toxicity has been known since ancient times. All parts of plants, including stems, leaves, young shoots, flowers, nectar, sap and products induced by combustion are toxic. The poisoning effects of plant induced sever negative changes especially in the heart, also in the lung, in the liver and in the kidney. Accidental and experimental cases of oleander poisonings have been described in several species. Several cases of accidental ingestion in human and animals have been reported from across the world. Therefore, this review summarizes the main anatomo-pathological effects found in livestock species after accidental oleandrum poisoning.