A Systematic Review on the Scope and Applications of Nanomaterials in the Plant Systems: Current and Future Prospects

One step (direct) and multisteps synthesis methods of metal and oxide nanoparticles are presented including both bottom-up and top-down procedures. Chemical methods involving the polyol process allows to get either isotropic or anisotropic nanoparticles. Nanowires, nanorods and dumbells can be generated either by heterogeneous nucleation or by using a template (mesoporous silica). Top-down procedures are illustrated by laser irradiation of immersed bulk targets (Ag, Au) which generates self-organized nanostructures or colloidal solutions. Laser irradiation of these colloidal solutions modifies the size distribution and the shape of nanoparticles. Bimetallic nanoparticles are generated from mixtures of monometallic colloidal solutions. Surface-mediated methods involving a host support and an invited phase are also presented. They lead to the formation of metal or oxide clusters and nanoparticles. The speciation of these entities is correlated with the observed catalytic performances.

Advancement in nano-research for the development of agricultural products and nano-agri inputs in recent years has opened a new paradigm in the field of agriculture and the food sector. This pro-gress in knowledge is expected to help in the development of sustainable agri-practices for in-creased food production in the coming years. Application of nanomaterials (NM) in agriculture has been mainly aimed at the precise delivery of fertilizers and pesticides, their controlled release rates, increased nutrient use efficacy, and early detection of plant disease. However, the effects of metal-lic nanoparticles (MNPs) on agriculturally relevant plants are not well understood. Due to their ul-tra-small sizes, NMs acquire a higher tendency to interact with biological systems, which could result in an adverse impact on plants, human health, and the environment. Lack of in-depth re-search regarding the interaction of NMs with plants, bioaccumulation, retention, and transfer to dif-ferent trophic levels obstructs the usage of these NMs in the agricultural sector. Optimization in the design of NPs and their application dosage remains to be achieved to minimize the risk of potential toxicity to plants, the environment, and humans. In this review, we discuss (i) uses of MNPs in agriculture as nanofertilizers (NFs) (ii) routes of plant exposure to MNPs - direct (application into soil/foliar spray) and indirect (air/water stream, etc.), (iii) effects on plants, (iv) effects on soil mi-crobial environment, (v) current knowledge about mechanisms for MNPs’ uptake, bioaccumula-tion, bio-magnification, (vi) Mechanism underlying phytotoxicity caused by MNPs, (v) global reg-ulations on nano-agri inputs. Based on the observations made from the above-mentioned points, suggestions have been provided for safer application of NMs in agriculture.

Oral cavity contains numerous microorganisms. Among them, some are pathogenic and cause infections. Hence to control and prevent such infections, a lot of research has been conducted on different materials using various advanced techniques. Nanotechnology and nanoscience have emerged in the recent years exploring the antimicrobial effects of metal nanoparticles. Metal oxide nanoparticles have shown good results against microorganisms. Distinct physical, chemical and biologic properties of metallic oxide nanoparticles make them efficient antimicrobial agents. Both the size and high surface to volume ratio have been considered as the reason for their microbicidal efficacy. Metallic oxide nanoparticles show high durability and less cell toxicity compared to organic nanoparticles. And this positive response of metallic oxide nanoparticles make their use in medical and dental fields more promising. Most of the infections of oral cavity are fungal, bacterial or viral. In dentistry, microorganisms are believed to cause failures of many treatment by causing infections. To achieve a long-term success of treatment rendered, various possibilities have been studied. Application of this nanotechnology in dentistry termed as nano dentistry, has brought many effective changes in the control of oral infections as well as changes in the dental materials. Various metallic nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles etc., have been used as well as modified in order to apply in dentistry. Many researches have been carried out by incorporating metallic oxide nanoparticles with dental materials which have shown excellent antimicrobial effectiveness. This review focuses on metal and metallic oxide nanoparticles and their effectiveness as antimicrobials and their various applications in dental field. KEY WORDS Nanoparticles, Antimicrobials, Metallic Oxides, Dental Materials, Dentistry

This paper presents a comparison between two procedures for the generation of water demand time series at both single user and nodal scales, a top-down and a bottom-up procedure respectively. Both procedures are made up of two phases. The top-down procedure adopted includes a non-parametric disaggregation based on the K-nearest neighbours approach. Therefore, once the temporal aggregated water demand patterns have been defined (first phase), the disaggregation is used to generate water demand time series at lower levels of spatial aggregation (second phase). In the bottom-up procedure adopted, demand time series for each user and for each time step are generated applying a beta probability distribution with tunable bounds or a gamma distribution with shift parameter (first phase). Then, a Copula based re-sort is applied to the demand time series generated to impose existing rank cross-correlations between users and at all temporal lags (second phase). For the sake of comparison, two case studies were considered, both of which are related to a smart water network in Naples (Italy). The results obtained show that the bottom-up procedure performs significantly better than the top-down procedure in terms of rank-cross correlations at fine scale. However, the top-down procedure showed a better performance in terms of skewness and rank cross-correlation when the aggregated demands were considered. Finally, the level of aggregation in nodes was found to affect the performance of both the procedures considered.

Nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of aroma compounds - towards analytical approach

Exploring the potential of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles for reinforced disease management in agricultural systems: A comprehensive review

In recent years, the development of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles in an eco-friendly manner using plant materials has attracted considerable attention. The biogenic reduction of metal ions to the base metal is quite rapid, can be conducted readily at room temperature under sunlight conditions, can be scaled up easily, and the method is eco-friendly. The reducing agents involved include various water-soluble metabolites (e.g., alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenolic compounds) and coenzymes. Noble metals (silver and gold) have been the main focus of plant-based synthesis. These green synthesized nanoparticles have a range of shapes and sizes compared to those produced by other organisms. The advantages of using plant-derived materials for nanoparticle synthesis have attracted the interest of researchers to investigate the mechanisms of metal ions uptake and bio-reduction by plants. These biosynthesized metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles have a wide range of biological applications. This chapter, however, discusses only the antibacterial activities.

Modern nanotechnology began in late twentieth century in 1981. This technology involves the understanding, control of matter as well as manipulation of substances at the nano-meter-scale. Nowadays nanotechnology is being used in many fields. It includes agriculture, modern branches of science, various industries, astrology, biotechnology etc. Even in agriculture, there is a lack of nanotechnology for many things. They are taking precautions to ensure that they do not adversely affect the environment by using nanomaterials as a supplement to agriculture for mass production. The target of application of nanomaterials is to perform Precision farming for mass yield and sustainable development in agriculture sector. Precision is new method of agriculture which concept of inputs of fertilizer, pesticides and crop protection to match the variation to growing conditions with field. Nanotechnology is used for various management, applications such as agrochemicals, waste management, target genetic engineering, labeling and imaging, plant growth and germination, DNA sequencing, microarray, sensing disease, nano-barcodes, controlling the quality and products, water management and many others Fields. This review based on application of nanotechnology and nano materials in agriculture. To address the increasing challenges of sustainable production and food security, significant technological advancements and innovations have been made in recent years in the field of agriculture

Leishmaniasis is a widely distributed protozoan vector-born disease affecting almost 350 million people. Initially, chemotherapeutic drugs were employed for leishmania treatment but they had toxic side effects. Various nanotechnology-based techniques and products have emerged as anti-leishmanial drugs, including liposomes, lipid nano-capsules, metal and metallic oxide nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanovaccines, due to their unique properties, such as bioavailability, lowered toxicity, targeted drug delivery, and biodegradability. Many new studies have emerged with nanoparticles serving as promising therapeutic agent for anti-leishmanial disease treatment. Liposomal Amphotericin B (AmB) is one of the successful nano-based drugs with high efficacy and negligible toxicity. A new nanovaccine concept has been studied as a carrier for targeted delivery. This review discusses different nanotechnology-based techniques, materials, and their efficacies in leishmaniasis treatment and their futuristic improvements.

Nano technology and nano material were widely applied to solve the problem of water pollution. It is known that on their way forward, people are bound to run into lake's eutrophication in the world, owing to pollution source not being controlled. Among all pollution sources, agricultual widespread pollution, such as fertilizer's nutrient to wash away, and inner pollution in the lake, such total nitrogen and phosphorin, COD and algae, have yet not to find effective controlling their methods. Recent advances in research on application of nano material have opened new areas of study in the field of the lake's eutrophication prevent and treatment, using magnetic or no-magnetic nano materials. Nano materials which were pretreated by modification of chemistry treatments could self-assemble a micro-nano network in aqueous phase. Pollutant micro molecules were banded around the micro-nano network by hydrogen bond, Van Der Waals force and viscous force, to enlaarge their spacial scale comparing with that of water molecule, so that they could easily be separated from water. Fertilizer-lose-control technology has been invented by micro-nano network structure of the nutrient which is blocked by soil filtration. The magnetic separation of water-algae technology was invented by adding magnetic material into mico-nano network materials. Both of these technologies are been engineered and industrialization. The output of controlled releasing fertilizer-lose-control agent reached 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> tonnes per year, magnetic flocculating agent was 5000 tonnes per year.

Review on aquatic toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

Policy and Science: The Great Lakes Water Quality Guidance Example

Critical Commentary

Synthesis, characterization and applications of microencapsulated phase change materials in thermal energy storage: A review

Application of common nano-materials for removal of selected metallic species from water and wastewaters: A critical review