Abstract
Food portion size estimation (FPSE) is critical in dietary assessment and energy intake estimation. Traditional methods such as visual estimation are now replaced by faster, more accurate sensor-based methods. This article presents a comprehensive review of the use of sensor methodologies for portion size estimation. The review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines and full texts of 67 scientific articles were reviewed. The contributions of this article are three-fold: i) A taxonomy for sensor-based (SB) FPSE methods was identified, classifying the sensors (as wearable, portable and stationary) and the methodology (as direct and indirect). ii) A novel comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art SB-FPSE methods was conducted and 5 sensor modalities (Acoustic, Strain, Imaging, Weighing, and Motion sensors) were identified. iii) The accuracy of portion size estimation and the applicability to free-living conditions of these SB-FPSE methods were assessed. This article concludes with a discussion of challenges and future trends of SB-FPSE.
Highlights
DIETARY intake assessment has been one of the profound areas of scientific research, in assessing the impact of diet on the human body and an individual’s state of well-being [1], [2]
Three research questions were chosen to guide this systematic review: RQ1) What are the available state-of-the-art SB-food portion size estimation (FPSE) methodologies?. The answer to this question helps in identifying the sensor modalities that have been used for portion size estimation
RQ2) What methods are employed for portion size estimation from sensor data and how accurate are these methods?
Summary
DIETARY intake assessment has been one of the profound areas of scientific research, in assessing the impact of diet on the human body and an individual’s state of well-being [1], [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) underlines the importance of a healthy diet and contends that unhealthy eating habits, along with the lack of physical exercise, manifests into global health risks [3]. Determining dietary guidelines is pertinent on an individual basis and has global implications [4]. It is essential to identify the dietary restrictions that should be followed to lead a healthy life and make additions to the diet to have a balanced energy intake. Energy density and portion size have been identified as properties of foods that can modulate energy intake [5]. Energy density refers to the amount of energy per unit mass of food (kcal/g).
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