A systematic review of exercise interventions on negative affect, pain, and fatigue in women with premenstrual syndrome.

Is yoga considered exercise within systematic reviews of exercise interventions? A scoping review

To analyze 1) the independent association of physical fitness, positive affect, and negative affect with the different dimensions of fatigue (general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity, reduced motivation, and mental fatigue) and 2) whether the interactions of physical fitness, positive affect, and negative affect were associated with fatigue over and above the independent association. Cross-sectional study in 420 women with fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia associations from southern Spain. Physical fitness was measured by performance-based tests, and questionnaires were used to measure positive affect, negative affect, and different dimensions of fatigue (general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity, reduced motivation, and mental fatigue). Age, body mass index, and current pain level were included as potential confounders in all analyses. Physical fitness was independently associated with general fatigue, physical fatigue, and reduced activity (all P ≤ 0.02). Positive affect was independently associated with all fatigue dimensions (all P < 0.001). Negative affect was independently associated with general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced motivation, and mental fatigue (all P ≤ 0.04). The interaction of overall physical fitness and positive affect was related to general fatigue and physical fatigue (all P ≤ 0.02). Women with fibromyalgia with higher levels of overall physical fitness and positive affect showed the lowest general fatigue and physical fatigue. In women with fibromyalgia, positive affect was independently and consistently associated with all dimensions of fatigue. The combination of higher levels of overall physical fitness and positive affect might serve as a buffer against general and physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia.

This study was designed to compare the incidence and severity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) between normal (N = 85) and overweight or obese (N = 28) college female students and investigated correlation between PMS, nutrient intake, hematological index and psychological index (depression, anxiety, stress). Each subject was asked a Menstrual Discomfort Questionnaire (MDQ) for PMS by 5 Likert scale. The PMS scores of women in the normal weight subjects ranked in order of severity were water retention (2.71), followed by behavioral change (2.58), negative affect (2.46), pain (2.31), autonomic reaction (2.27), decreased concentration (2.16). The symptoms of ``pain`` and ``behavioral change`` of overweight or obese subject were significantly higher than those of normal subject (p < 0.05). And total cholesterol concentration of overweight or obese subjects was significantly higher than in normal subject (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the symptoms of ``negative effect`` and BMI. And the triglyceride concentration was positively related with ``water retention (p < 0.01)``. The symptoms of ``decreased concentration`` were negatively correlated with calcium (p < 0.01) and vitamin B6 intake (p < 0.05). The depression score were positively related with symptoms of ``behavioral change (p < 0.05)``, ``negative affect`` (p < 0.01), and the anxiety score was positively correlated with ``behavioral change (p < 0.05)`` and ``decreased concentration (p < 0.05)``. The stress score was positively correlated with ``decreased concentration (p < 0.01)``, ``behavioral change (p < 0.05)`` and ``negative affect (p < 0.05)``. This suggests that PMS represents the clinical manifestation of a calcium, vitamin B6 deficiency and psychological disorder. Therefore we concluded that nutrient supplementation, depression and stress management may help to relieve PMS symptoms. (Korean J Community Nutr 16(1) : 14~22, 2011)

The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between female college students` stress level and premenstrual syndrome so that it can provide baseline data on how to cope with the syndrome. The study subjects are 250 female college students in Gyungbook area. This study chose 199 appropriate subjects and collected data. As per general menstrual phases, this study investigated the age when one had her first period, regularity and duration of period, and amount of bleeding. It used a measurement tool to measure stress level and premenstrual syndrome. Most of the subjects experienced their first period before the age of 13. The menstrual period was irregular with the duration of less than 7 days. 123 subjects had normal amount of bleeding. 121 subjects were experiencing high level of stress over 2.4. The correlation between the level of stress and premenstrual syndrome factors showed significant static correlation for each factor. Especially, the correlation between digestive system and response of autonomic nervous system was .996 and negative emotion and behavioral change was .635, and negative emotion and pain was .614 which were relatively high. The regression analysis of factors of premenstrual syndrome depending on the subjects` stress level indicated that response of autonomic nervous system had the biggest effect in the low stress group while behavioral change, negative emotion, pain, decreased concentration, water congestion, response of autonomic nervous system, and skin change had the biggest effect in the high stress group with statistical significance. Based on the result, it can be said that higher premenstrual stress is closely related to the premenstrual syndrome one experiences for some female college students.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and the Brain

Premenstrual syndrome and associated symptoms in adolescent girls

Psychological factors, such as cognitive-emotional processes, are proposed to play an important role in the etiology of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Our aim was to determine whether there are differences in emotion regulation between women with PMS and non-PMS controls. The study included 54 women who suffered from PMS (confirmed by prospective daily ratings during two menstrual cycles), as well as 52 non-PMS controls. All participants completed the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) as an explicit and the affect misattribution procedure (AMP) as an implicit measure of emotion regulation. Each participant conducted the self-report as well as the experimental assessments twice, once during the follicular phase and once during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The AMP was conducted with neutral and negative picture and facial stimuli. Three different interstimulus intervals (100, 500, 1500 ms) were used to examine implicit emotion regulation processes. Women with PMS reported a significantly higher use of three dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies in the CERQ (p values < .001). In the AMP with picture stimuli, women with PMS showed stronger implicit negative affective reactions compared to non-PMS women, independent of menstrual cycle phase (p = .008). In the AMP with facial stimuli, this stronger negative affect misattribution appeared in women with PMS compared to the control group only in the luteal phase and only for medium interstimulus intervals of 500 ms (p = .050). The results suggest that PMS is associated with alterations in the processes of emotion regulation, as assessed both on an explicit and on an implicit level. Further research on the etiology of PMS should focus more on cognitive-emotional processing and its interaction with biological changes relating to the menstrual cycle.

The effect of exercise on cognition and clinical symptoms of patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review of randomized controlled trial.

To identify, appraise and summarise systematic reviews of exercise interventions for surgical lung cancer patients. Low exercise capacity, reduced pulmonary function, impaired health-related quality of life and postoperative pulmonary complications are common in surgical lung cancer patients. Numerous systematic reviews address these health problems and examine the effects of exercise intervention. However, differences in the quality and scope of the systematic reviews and discordant findings from the reviews make it difficult for decisions-makers to interpret the evidence and establish best practices in the clinical settings. Overview of systematic reviews. This overview was conducted following the PRISMA guideline. A literature search of PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus and PEDro was conducted (October 2019). Peer-reviewed systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials focusing on the effects of exercise interventions for lung cancer patients who underwent surgery were included. The methodological quality of included reviews was assessed using AMSTAR 2. The results of reviews with meta-analysis were synthesised and presented by each health outcome. Seven systematic reviews published between 2013 and 2019 were included. High/moderate-quality evidence showed that postoperative exercise interventions could increase the exercise capacity and muscle strength, and low/very-low-quality evidence showed that postoperative exercise interventions may increase the physical component of health-related quality of life and decease dyspnoea. Low-quality evidence showed that preoperative exercise interventions may increase exercise capacity and pulmonary function, decrease the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications and reduce the length of hospital stay. Postoperative and preoperative exercises have the potential to improve health outcomes in surgical lung cancer patients. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of different types of exercise and varying amounts of exercise. This study provides evidence to support the implementation of exercise interventions for surgical lung cancer patients.

Medically unexplained syndromes–Looking for common reasons

The steady increase in the prevalence of obesity is reflected in the rising rate of weight loss surgeries, and repeat surgery for weight regain that occurs 1-2 yr post-weight loss surgery (PWLS). PURPOSE: We performed a systematic review of randomized control trials (RCTs) to determine if exercise was associated with attenuation of weight regain in adults PWLS. METHODS: We searched 5 databases with terms related to exercise, weight, weight regain, and weight loss surgery, and found no systematic reviews of exercise interventions ≥1yr PWLS among adults ≥18 yr, nor did we locate professional exercise guidelines for this population. We then performed a search in PubMed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving exercise interventions in adults ≥18 yr PWLS. Other inclusion criteria were RCTs in peer-reviewed journals published in English, that included the frequency, intensity, type and time of the exercise intervention, and a control group receiving usual care consisting of diet and exercise advice. The standardized mean difference effect sizes (d+) were calculated following random-effects models for body weight lost, and back-converted to the original unit for clinical interpretation. We assessed inconsistencies in d+ with the I2 statistic transformed from the Q statistic. RESULTS: The second search yielded 442 reports, with only 3 RCTs qualifying. Participants (n=132) were mostly white women 46.8±3.9yr, and 13.1±6.7mo PWLS. Interventions were supervised; lasted 40-60min/session, 2-5d/wk for 12-26wk; and involved moderate-to-vigorous intensity, combined aerobic and resistance training, while 1 added flexibility exercises. Compared to usual care, exercise interventions elicited moderate reductions in body weight ≥1yr PWLS (d+=-0.46, 95%CIs: -1.12, 0.21; -4.1kg) that did not reach significance (p=0.069) with high levels of heterogeneity (I2 =62.9%, 95%CIs: 0.0, 89.4). CONCLUSIONS: In a very limited literature, exercise interventions elicited clinically important reductions in weight of ~4kg representing ~4% of baseline weight ≥1yr PWLS. There is an urgent need for professional exercise guidelines and RCTs examining the effects of exercise on weight regain PWLS with larger, more diverse samples. Supported by the University of Connecticut Center on Excellence in Teaching and Learning

Women experience dramatic fluctuations in progesterone and estradiol during menstrual cycles, which will likely influence their mood. The subjective experience and neural responses towards emotional stimuli of women who suffer from premenstrual syndrome(PMS) seemed to differ across menstrual cycles. However, it remains unknown that if women without PMS will have mood swings during a menstrual cycle. Additionally, some studies argued that neuroticism was closely associated with PMS. But it is still unclear whether neurotic women without PMS would have different responses towards emotional stimuli in different phases of menstrual cycle like women with PMS. The current study was designed to investigate the influence of neuroticism on the subjective experience and physiological responses towards emotional stimuli in the non-PMS sample across a menstrual cycle. We hypothesized that neurotic women would have more intense subjective experience and physiological responses towards emotional stimuli, especially in the premenstrual phase. Forty-one right-handed female with regular menstrual cycle took part voluntarily in this within-subject study. The results of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ) divided this sample into the high neuroticism group(HN group, n = 16) and the low neuroticism group(LN group, n = 25). Each participant performed a film watching and evaluating task three times during mid-late luteal, menstrual and late ovulation phases respectively. 12 film clips were selected. Among them, nine 3-minute film clips were supposed to evoke amusement, sadness, and anger(3 clips for each emotion) and 3 film clips were neutral. For each visit, the participant would watch 4 film clips randomly selected from 12 film clips, one for each emotion and a neutral one, and the order of clips was counter-balanced. Each time the participant came to the lab and relaxed for 3 minutes(baseline), then she watched a film clip and completed the emotion inventory to evaluate how they felt about the clip. She was then asked to relax for another 3 minutes to recover from the emotional arousal. The physiological responses including heart rate, galvanic skin response(GSR) and respiratory rate were recorded at this time. This procedure was repeated until all 4 film clips(one for each emotion and a neural film) were viewed. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between menstrual cycle and group membership for self-reported anger and disgust in response to angry films. The HN group scored lower in self-reported anger and disgust than the LN group only in the mid-late luteal phase, and there was a significant effect of menstrual cycle in HN group but not in LN group for self-reported anger. We calculated rate of change for the analysis of heart rate and found a significant effect of menstrual cycle for the HN group but not for the LN group when they were watching neutral and sad films. The rate of change in the LN group was significantly greater than that in the HN group in the mid-late luteal phase, but not in the other two phases. We also calculated rate of change for the analysis of respiration rate and found that the change of rate is significantly greater for the HN group than that for the LN group, but only in the menstrual phase. Taken together, the subjective experience and physiological responses towards negative emotion during menstrual cycles seem to be more influential for neurotic women than for those who are low in neuroticism. Furthermore, neurotic women seemed to be less vulnerable to negative emotion during their mid-late luteal phase than during other phases. Sensitive response of neurotic women to the fluctuation of progesterone during menstrual cycles may be one of the reasons that account for their mood change.

BackgroundHormone level fluctuation across the menstrual cycle causes women to experience negative emotions and also affects their mood regulation and stress sensitivity. However, the stress reactivity and emotional variations in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), who are especially sensitive to the variations in hormone cycles, have not been explained.MethodsThe present study used an electroencephalogram (EEG) stress evaluation test, a physiology stress evaluation test, and the positive affect and negative affect scale (PANAS) to evaluate the stress reactivity pattern and emotional state of women with PMS.ResultsThe results showed that women with PMS had higher negative affect and lower positive affect compared with controls. Moreover, under stressful conditions, the women with PMS had a higher alpha activity and a lower respiration rate than the controls. The differences in stress reactivity and emotional states between women with PMS and controls were based on a covariant analysis with menstrual cycle (luteal and follicular phases) as the covariate.ConclusionThe results demonstrated that, compared with controls, women suffering from PMS have a continuous abnormality in emotional state and stress reactivity, which was independent of the menstrual cycle.

Premenstrual syndrome is considered as one of the most common gynecological diseases and is also one of the most common disorders at fertility ages. PURPOSE of this study was to evaluate effect of self-feet reflexology on relieving premenstrual syndrome. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental study (pre-test and post-test). SETTING: The study was conducted at faculty of nursing at Benha University.SAMPLE, systematic random sample of female students in first year who have premenstrual syndrome and fulfill the inclusion criteria will be included in the study. INSTRUMENTS: self-administrated questionnaire and Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. RESULTS: The present study showed that, illustrates that there was a highly statistical significant difference among (pain, concentration, behavioral and negative affect) related symptoms at different phases of intervention. Increasingly, there was more decrease in mean score regarding pain related symptoms at Follow up phase than Post-test phase. CONCLUSION: there was a highly statistical significant difference among studied students regarding PMS related symptoms (pain, GIT, autonomic reactions, general manifestations, concentration, behavioral change and negative affect) at different phases of intervention (pre-test, immediately post-test and follow up). RECOMMENDEDATIONS: Encourage academic students to practice reflexology to reduce premenstrual syndrome.

Smiling is the most common way in which people express positive emotions and happiness. This study proposes Smiley, a smile-recognition smart mirror that can only be seen when users smile at it. To verify if there were emotional changes through smiling, the smile-recognition smart mirror was designed and manufactured for women of childbearing age in their 20s and 30s suffering from premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and a user evaluation was conducted. We recruited four experimental participants and had them use the mirror in their own home for 10 days according to their menstrual cycle, maintain a self-diary, and record smile photos to observe changes in their facial expressions over 10 days. We then carried out in-depth interviews with the users through memory-recall using their smile photo record data and self-diary data organized by date and time, and then qualitatively analyzed the results. Women suffering from PMS continuously experience anger or feel sensitive and depressed. Using Smiley, these negative emotions caused by PMS can be changed to positive feelings and emotional stability by smiling. Moreover, Smiley provides personalized information about the user’s menstrual cycle in color, allowing her to identify and prepare for her cycle and gain psychological stability. The evaluation results demonstrated that smiling evoked positive emotions and positively influenced PMS and users’ daily life. This study is significant in that the positive effects of smiling are not only discussed merely for the sake of the psychological experiment, but have also been used to develop a new technology that can provide users with a wide variety of experiences.