A systematic mapping of social entrepreneurship orientation: A call for increased collaboration and future research agenda

In recent years, the projection of Social entrepreneurs’ cognitive drive is a critical factor that needs attention in determining the efficiency of social entrepreneurial orientation in entrepreneurship studies. In order for Social entrepreneurs to be fully oriented in improving social well-being through long term developmental project and not merely considered to perform acts of charity, there has to be a social cognitive mechanism as a key characteristic of social value creation. There are however, significant gaps in understanding social entrepreneur orientation hence, few empirical studies on the subject. This paper using both the Social Network and Social Cognitive theories attempts to identify the relationship between Social ties, self-efficacy, self-regulation and entrepreneurial orientation outcomes. Using the Partial lest square of the structural equation model to analyze a survey data of 397 Philanthropist (i.e. social activist, environmentalist and other social innovators) NGOs in Ghana, the findings proved that, the level of an individual’s self-efficacy and Self-regulation is not only important to consider as a driving social entrepreneurs’ cognitive behaviors but also fruitful in improving social Entrepreneurial orientation. The study reveals some directions for social innovators seeking to promote their social entrepreneurial orientation skills using cognitive measures alongside social connections in solving a social problem. Keywords: key words, business ties; political ties; self-efficacy; self-regulation; social entrepreneurial orientation DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/68-06 Publication date: August 31 st 2020

Purpose This study aims to systematically review the development of Social Entrepreneurial Orientation (SEO) within the broader field of social entrepreneurship. Out of 970 collected articles, 117 relevant papers were selected for in-depth analysis. Design/methodology/approach Using a Systematic Literature Review combined with bibliometric and thematic content analyses, this study maps publication trends, journal quality, methodological approaches and key research areas. Through bibliometric mapping and thematic visualization, this study identifies core research streams, emerging trends and research gaps in SEO literature. Findings The analysis identifies five primary research streams: SEO as a driver of firm performance and sustainability, the relationship between SEO and organizational performance dimensions, the role of innovation in social entrepreneurship, the contribution of entrepreneurship and management practices to social innovation and the integration of strategic orientations to enhance performance. Building on these findings, this study proposes four key areas for future research: refining the conceptualization and measurement of SEO; exploring the link between SEO, social innovation and sustainability, investigating the role of digital transformation in social entrepreneurship; and examining mediation and moderation mechanisms in the SEO–performance relationship. Originality/value This study offers a clear and comprehensive overview of SEO research, providing valuable insights into its theoretical evolution and practical relevance. By systematically synthesizing the current literature and identifying research gaps, this study contributes to guiding future research and supporting the development of more robust SEO frameworks applicable across diverse social entrepreneurship contexts.

The predictive effect of relative intuition on social entrepreneurship orientation: How do exploratory and exploitative learning and personal identity interact?

Driven by economic and social benefits, social enterprises create new development models that combine wealth creation, social welfare provision, and environmental improvement through innovative approaches. The social entrepreneurship orientation reflects the behavioral tendency to transplant entrepreneurship orientation into the field of social value creation. It is a strategy to balance and integrate economic interests and social interests, which has a significant impact on social entrepreneurship performance. The purpose of this study is to explore the internal mechanism of the impact of social entrepreneurs’ mindfulness upbringing perception on social entrepreneur orientation. To reveal the internal mechanism, we propose a moderated and mediation model of prosocial motivation and perceived pressure from external stakeholders. In this study, random sampling was conducted among social start-ups in China. In order to improve the accuracy of the scale, a pre-survey was conducted before the formal survey. The data analysis results of the pre-survey showed that the scale in this study was suitable for the Chinese context and had good external validity. Through using survey data from social entrepreneurs in China, hierarchical regression analysis and bootstrapping model are adapted to test and verify mediation and moderation effects. The results show that mindfulness upbringing perception indeed positively influences social entrepreneurship orientation directly and partly through the mediating effect of prosocial motivation. Moreover, findings suggest the perceived pressure from external stakeholders negatively moderates not only the relationship between prosocial motivation and social entrepreneurship orientation but also the overall mediation model. This indicates that social entrepreneurs with low perceived pressure from external stakeholders will improve their social entrepreneurship orientation rapidly when their prosocial level is high. Based on these findings, we conclude that social entrepreneurship orientation may be achieved more effectively through the complex process of mindfulness upbringing perception, prosocial motivation, and perceived pressure from external stakeholders. Finally, the study proposes the theoretical and practical implications and suggestions for follow-up research.

Social entrepreneurship orientation (SEO) is a behavioral construct of social entrepreneurship (SE); therefore, we examined the influence of SEO of the organization on social and financial performance. A random sample of 810 employees was drawn from social enterprises of Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although increasing research focuses on SE, the discipline continues to disintegrate, and this has led to appeals for a careful investigation of the associations of firms’ SE. In the recent decade, “social entrepreneurship” has earned its importance as a segment of entrepreneurship. Instead of mixed activity, firms are more likely to engage in either for-profit or non-profit activities. The causes for and consequences of this conduct has been mainly studied using objective measures of SEO, social performance, and financial performance, with little attention paid to the subjective experiences of social enterprises. We rely on the theory of stakeholder and mixed structuring to postulate that social performance intermediates the SEO-financial performance relation. By assessing a sample of 810 employees from active enterprises, we discover that social performance mediates positively and partially between SEO and financial performance, and both direct and indirect paths are in the same direction and significant. Our findings exhibit that social performance variance explained 74% of the mediating role, and the remaining 26% of the effect is because of SEO. We consider the functions by which an SEO influences enterprise performance and delivers more prominent understanding into multiple spectrums of performance. We discuss the prospective suggestions of our research and foster an encouraging pathway for more enquiry on the SEO paradigm. The study adds contribution to the literature, which has not been testified before on hybrid firms. SEO is a newly defined construct and requires more prospective research. This research gives the researchers/scholars new directions to address related disciplines and further explore this domain.

PurposeStudies on social entrepreneurial intention have been increasing in recent years due to the growing concerns of young people on social and sustainability issues. Although social entrepreneurship is gaining momentum in emerging economies, only limited studies explore antecedents of social entrepreneurial intention in these countries, particularly in Southeast Asia. This paper aims to integrate the concept of entrepreneurship competence with the theory of planned behavior and examine the interrelationship between antecedents of this theory.Design/methodology/approachA survey of university students was used to validate the theory of planned behavior in explaining social entrepreneurial intention. Samples were selected using purposive sampling involving university students who had been exposed to social entrepreneurship incubators. The 372 valid responses were analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling.FindingsThis study confirms the applicability of the theory of planned behavior to explain social entrepreneurial intention, even though not all attitudes toward social entrepreneurship orientation were significant. Out of five orientations, only attitudes toward social innovation significantly directed social entrepreneurial intention. This study validates that subjective norms and perceived behavioral control determine attitudes toward social entrepreneurship orientation. The roles of education and prior experience in providing entrepreneurship competence also positively shape individuals’ attitudes toward social entrepreneurship orientation and perceived behavioral control.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial self-efficacy are frequently interchangeable, these concepts are independent. This study does not include social entrepreneurial self-efficacy by only examining the effect of entrepreneurship competence on perceived behavioral control. Data were limited to university students who have been exposed to social entrepreneurship incubators, which may not fully reflect the tendency of general Indonesian youths to become social entrepreneurs.Practical implicationsAs entrepreneurship competence is essential in stimulating social entrepreneurial intention through the formation of attitudes toward social innovation and perceived behavioral control, the government and the universities can collaborate in establishing a supportive social entrepreneurship ecosystem within and outside the universities. This ecosystem may equip youths with essential knowledge and resources as well as complement subjective norms.Originality/valueStudies of social entrepreneurial intention have mostly applied psychological theories; however, they rarely consider the impact of entrepreneurship education as the driver of social entrepreneurial intention. Studies of social entrepreneurial intention from psychological and educational perspectives tend to run in parallel. This study integrates entrepreneurship competence into the theory of planned behavior to explain social entrepreneurial intention. In addition, while social entrepreneurship is believed to consist of multiple orientations, not many studies have deliberated on this. This study reflects these multiple social entrepreneurship orientations in the attitudes toward social entrepreneurship.

Purpose In the past, social entrepreneurship (SE) research has focused on what social entrepreneurs are doing; however, research capturing the behavioral orientation underlying social entrepreneurship, termed social entrepreneurship orientation (SEO), is limited in emerging markets. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of SEO on social enterprise sustainability in the Indian context. Design/methodology/approach After the extensive literature review and based on the theory of behavioral entrepreneurship, an SEO construct is presented to examine this effect on social enterprise sustainability. The research design of this research paper is a quantitative survey approach and a custom-made structured questionnaire is used to collect data. A total sample of 242 Indian entrepreneurs has been considered for research analysis. Convenient sampling techniques were used and to validate the construct’s model, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used. Findings The findings of the study show that four behavioral dimensions of SEO have a significant positive effect on social enterprise sustainability. Understanding the essential characteristics of SE highlights the importance of entrepreneurs’ behavioral orientation for the long-term viability of SE in emerging markets, thus beneficial to SE research and practitioners. Research limitations/implications This study enhances the academic understanding of social entrepreneur orientation theory by analyzing its attributes through a quantitative methodology in emerging markets such as India. Educational institutions and training firms can leverage this study to cultivate the personality traits of SEO, thereby fostering the growth of sustainable social enterprises. However, the cross-sectional design, reliance on self-reported data and focus on Indian social enterprises may limit the application of the study’s findings. Practical implications Policymakers should allocate resources to social venture incubators. Educational institutions should integrate SEO principles into the entrepreneurship curriculum. Originality/value This research contributes to the existing empirical findings on SE by identifying SEO as a distinct behavioral construct and provides significant insights into what motivates SEO in challenging socio-economic environments. Overall, the study clarifies the factors responsible for sustainable social enterprise, a critical need of our time.

Background: Datajadesta.com classifies tourist villages into four categories: independent, advanced, developing, and pioneering. More local communities gain from increased rural tourism managed by tourism-focused organizations. However, problems with management often arise, which increases the risk that the tourism sector won't grow or reach a certain level. This is a problem that any group that cares about tourism, like the Pokdarwis, must overcome.Purpose: This study aims to investigate the significant influence of social entrepreneurial orientation in advancing the sustainability of rural tourism (the so-called triple bottom line) in terms of benefits to the environment, community, and economy. This orientation can indirectly benefit the management strategies of tourism-aware organizations. While performing. Design/methodology/approach: By using accidental sampling, up to 34 rural tourism activists from each tourism awareness group across Indonesian rural tourism were gathered in accordance with the criteria from https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id. Based on their advanced and mature levels, respondents were selected. autonomous tourist village. To ensure meaningful relationships, process the data using Smart Pls 4. Findings/Result: Hypothesis 1, social entrepreneurship orientation has a major impact on community empowerment. However, hypothesis 2 indicates that social entrepreneurship orientation has no significant impact on the sustainability of rural tourism. Finally, hypothesis 3 asserts that social entrepreneurship orientation has a significant impact on the sustainability of rural tourism through community empowerment. Conclusion: Encouraging community involvement in tourism development and promoting social entrepreneurship as a means of achieving the Triple Bottom Line, as well as the significant role it plays in empowering local communities and promoting sustainability in tourist villages.Originality/Value (State Of the art): The study highlights the critical role of social entrepreneurial orientation in promoting the sustainability of rural tourism through community empowerment, though it does not directly impact sustainability on its own. By classifying tourist villages into various development stages, the research underscores the necessity of effective management by organizations like Pokdarwis to overcome challenges and foster growth. Keywords: empowerment community, rural tourism, social entrepreneurship orientation, sustainability, triple bottom line

Social entrepreneurship is becoming widely recognized as essential to developing economies and societies. However, we find that the lack of a clear and cohesive conceptualization for understanding the distinctive context and reliable role of social entrepreneurship is a challenging aspect. Furthermore, the research is lacking in developing country perspectives. Accordingly, this study argues that a social entrepreneurship conceptual model needs to be developed from a developing country perspective to advance the literature on the social entrepreneurship notion. Specifically, this study followed a qualitative research approach and conducted in-person semi-structured interviews with 24 Sri Lankan social enterprises by adopting the maximum variation sampling technique. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Consequently, our model explicates how social entrepreneurial orientation leads to the triple bottom line through dynamic capability and social innovation. The proposed model anticipates that social entrepreneurial orientation alone cannot achieve the triple bottom line in social entrepreneurship. Thus, based on existing research evidence, we believe that the following constructs—social entrepreneurial orientation, dynamic capabilities, social innovations, and the triple bottom line—can be integrated to provide a solid conceptual model for social entrepreneurial ventures in developing countries.

In the face of globalisation expanding trend, social entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurial orientation (SEO) are regarded as the key economic development strategies to advance an organisation’s performance and eventually a country’s economic growth and sustain its competitiveness. This study aimed to explore the factors that affect the SEO of non-profit organisations (NPOs), as well as the moderating effects of government support in enhancing the SEO of NPOs. To meet the study's objectives, the two-step cluster analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) were utilised. The moderator of the study was classified into three clusters; access to both government financial and non-financial support, access to higher government non-financial support only and access to lesser government non-financial support only. The study was conducted among one hundred and ten NPOs in the Ampara district of Sri Lanka, where data were collected from owners or managers of the organisations. The findings of this study noted a significant positive relationship between organic organisational structure and organisation size with SEO. Organizations that engage in earning activities, receiving other organisations’ financial support and individual donations show comparatively higher SEO. Organisations with male owners/managers have higher SEO than those with female owners/managers. In terms of the moderating effects of government support, findings revealed significant moderation characteristic of government support. Most of the direct relationships are moderated when both governments financial and non-financial support is available to the NPOs. Government support accelerates the association of organic organisational structure and social networking with SEO. Organisations involved in earning activities, organisations receiving other organisations’ financial support and individual donations show a higher SEO when the moderating effect of government support is present. The findings of this study provide a clear indication to researchers and policymakers about the effectiveness of the current government support designed and implemented to support NPOs in Sri Lanka.
 Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship, Social Entrepreneurial Orientation, Non-Profit Organisation, Government Support

Using core self-evaluation theory, the current study assesses the effect of internal work locus of control and bricolage on social entrepreneurship orientation. We adopted the cross-sectional survey design using a sampling frame to engage 400 top executives of social enterprises in mainland China. Three hundred and seventy-two of the executives replied, presenting a response rate of 93%. Results of structural equation modeling analysis show significant positive relationships between internal work locus of control, bricolage, and social entrepreneurship orientation. The positive mediating effect of bricolage on the relationship between internal work locus of control and social entrepreneurship orientation was also found to be true. Consequently, to foster social entrepreneurship orientation, top executives of social enterprises need to gather available resources for bricolage tasks. These findings contribute new knowledge to how internal work locus of control affects social entrepreneurship orientation through the bricolage activity of Chinese social enterprises. Through core self-evaluation theory, we demonstrate the effect of internal work locus of control as a preceding factor in the relationship between bricolage and social entrepreneurship orientation.

PurposeThe individuals take an active interest in society to change it into a better one. For this reason, this study aims to investigate the influence of patriotism with the institutional framework on social entrepreneurial orientation (SEO), which assists us in improving the social welfare activities with socially friendly business and business operations to maintain the existing organization position by engaging potential customers and starting a new social venture for gaining the institutional and external stakeholders support in the competitive environment.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the authors employed the quantitative offline survey approach to investigate the proposed relationship with 228 valid responses from entrepreneurial organizations holding social ventures as small or big projects in Pakistan.FindingsThis study’s findings revealed that patriotism positively affects SEO, and institutional support partially mediates the relationship between patriotism and SEO. While social valuation positively strengthens the relationship between patriotism and institutional support and patriotism and SEO. Likewise, experiential learning strengthens the positive relationship between institutional support and SEO.Practical implicationsThis study found that institutional support is vital in helping entrepreneurs to create institutional designs and strategies to cope with dynamic and socioeconomic problems. Moreover, this study benefits policymakers and government officials to make strategic decisions based on a sense of self-worth by adopting the opportunities to raise public awareness about social organizations' importance and expand social capital.Originality/valueThe previous literature addresses patriotism mainly in social entrepreneurship instead of SEO. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to explore and show particular ways of SEO to country growth.

Purpose: Shouldering dual missions, social entrepreneurship-oriented enterprises often face the challenge of mission drift when confronted with environmental dynamics and limited resources. Therefore, based on the resource-based view, this article explores the mechanism of effective resource management in the process of achieving dual performance in social entrepreneurship-oriented enterprises. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, 220 enterprises in China were surveyed. A quantitative approach, utilising convenience sampling for survey distribution, was employed, and the proposed model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) and Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Findings/results: We found that: (1) Social entrepreneurship orientation (SEO) has a significant positive effect on corporate dual performance. (2) Social entrepreneurship orientation positively affects corporate dual performance through resource management, and this mediating role is played through multiple paths – separate mediating roles of resource acquisition, resource integration, and resource utilisation, serial mediating roles of resource acquisition and resource integration, serial mediating roles of resource acquisition and resource utilisation, serial mediating roles of resource integration and resource utilisation, and serial mediating roles of resource acquisition, resource integration, and resource utilisation. (3) The fsQCA analysis shows that there are two ways to realise corporate dual performance, namely, social entrepreneurship orientation-dominated means and resource management-dominated means. Practical implications: Companies in a period of social transformation should pay more attention to the role of social entrepreneurship orientation. In addition, they need to take a close look at resource management to effectively alleviate the pressure they face in fulfilling their social mission and realising economic values. Originality/value: These findings not only reveal the impact of social entrepreneurship orientation on corporate dual performance and its specific mechanism but also enhance the theoretical explanation of analysing the heterogeneity of SEO practice under the resource-based view.

PurposeThe major purpose of this research article is to empirically analyze a moderated-mediated model to comprehend the interrelationships between religiosity, life hardship, attitude toward social entrepreneurship (SE) and corporate social entrepreneurial orientation (SEO).Design/methodology/approachThe constructivist grounded theory method was used to analyze interviews, and partial least squares structural equation modeling was selected to analyze the developed nine hypotheses.FindingsBased on the structural model outcomes, the practicing religious believers reported a significantly higher level of corporate SEO and propensity for social proactiveness, innovativeness, risk-taking, socialness and persistence (dimensions of SEO) than the nonpracticing believers.Practical implicationsThis study provides the practical implication that social entrepreneurs with a higher degree of congruence with the prevailing religious institutionalized logic in a society have a higher inclination to create social value through corporate practices and operations.Originality/valueThis study presents an SEO scale that incorporates the dimensions of two SEO scales developed by Kraus et al. (2017) and Syrjä et al. (2019). To the best of the author’s knowledge, the applicability and generalizability of this scale were supported for the first time in the SE discipline, particularly tourism SE. This scale effectively captures more characteristics of SE, particularly in the face of inefficient political and institutional forms.

Research on social entrepreneurship was variously published and has been dedicated to conceptual frameworks, synthesizing and integrating past study in fast growing economies environment. conducted to examine its performances in many angles. This is important since social entrepreneurship has become as new trend in business model globally and the trend also absorb in Malaysia`s commercial market. Although numerous studies have been done, specifically research on social entrepreneurship orientation not yet been tested over firm performance especially company with social mission objective. Therefore, this concept paper will focus and check on direct relationship on social entrepreneurship orientation as independent variable toward firm`s performance. Furthermore, this paper focuses on reviewing the social entrepreneurship performances especially in Malaysia. This study is important since the social entrepreneurship continue to grow blossomly for future country economy development as per stated by join partnership report by British Council, Yayasan Hasanah, United Nation ESCAP and Ministry of Entrepreneurship Development in “The State Of Social Enterprise In Malaysia”. To have an impact of the result, this study will implement Theory of Structural Contingency since it was widely used in previous research especially to test the ‘fit’ factors between variables. This conceptual paper able to develop understanding on diversity, meaning, and evolution of the social entrepreneurship phenomenon in the context of emerging economies; including to facilitate the community of social entrepreneurship researchers and practitioners respectively. It also can advance research in this domain with the aid of the proposed framework and the research questions proposed for future research.