A Systematic Literature Review of Pedestrian Safety in Urban Transport Systems

Technological determinism has become a kind of religion for many people since it appears to offer solutions for societal problems as never before in history. Transport is one of the fascinating technology branches developed during the last 200 years. Effortless movement over long distances has become possible for car users as long as cheap fossil energy is available. However, the effect of fast transport on urban structures and society was not taken into account when developing these technical means. Technologists and economists have used indicators for expected benefits of these fast transport modes without taking into account the real system effects on society and urban structures. Plausible assumptions and hopes instead of scientific understanding of the complex system are used in practice. In contradiction to widely held beliefs of transportation planners, there is actually no growth of mobility if counted in number of trips per person per day, no time saving by increasing speed in the system, and no real freedom of modal choice. Modal choice is dependent on physical and other structures, the artificial environment built by urban planners, transport experts and political decisions. The core hypothesis of traditional urban and transport planning ‘growth of mobility’, ‘travel time saving by increasing speed’ and ‘freedom of modal choice’ are myths and do not exist in the real urban and transport system. This is the reason why urban planning and transport planning based on traditional non-scientific assumptions is creating continuously not only more transport problems, but also environmental and social as well as economic problems all over the world, where these principals are applied. Urban transport planning in Europe, understanding the transport system and the solutions are presented in this paper.

(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. Introduction.In this paper is addressed the public transport planning problem. This is a process which is usually divided into four phases: network design, timetabling construction, vehicle scheduling, and crew scheduling. Usually, these phases are executed sequentially. Here in the paper, we are tackling the bus timetable construction problem of an urban bus transport network. This is usually accomplished in three steps: first for each scenario (covering a concrete planning period) bus frequencies are calculated for each route in the network, then bus departures are settled for each route in the network based on previously calculated frequencies. This is then adjusted for getting acceptable timetables for planners.The main scientific contribution of this work is the development of an integrated multi-objective mixed integer lineal mathematical model to construct multi-period urban bus timetables, which also allows smooth transitions between adjacent planning periods with different demand.Recently Ibarra-Rojas & Rios-Solis (2012) have shown formally that the timetabling problem is NP-Hard, so we implemented two multi-objective metaheuristics to explore the effectiveness of the proposed model. We designed an experiment for testing the heuristics with generated random instances.The timetabling problem has been tackled in the literature from different approaches. Ceder (2007) proposes an exact methods for creating a timetable with maximal synchronization. Also, Eranki (2004), proposes a model to create timetables with maximal synchronization using time windows. She used a heuristic method to solve the problem, but she did not consider multiple criteria. Also, other authors consider maximization of synchronization as a key objective in urban transport planning. Among them, Paunovic (2013) showed a positive correlation between children blood pressure and road traffic noise, transit density and public transport. Burke (2011) also advocates the importance of taking into consideration passenger transfer as a measure of quality for an urban transport system, which indirectly calls for synchronization maximization. Another important measure of quality for urban transport planning is quality of service from the users' perspective (see Ibeas & Cecin, 2011). Ibeas & Cecin, (2011) concluded that the most important variables when defining quality of public transport from the users' perspective are waiting time, journey time and above all, level of occupancy. Recently, this claim has been a subject of research studies by some researchers. For example, Barra et al (2007) presented a model considering different characteristics of the transport system (passenger requirements, budget constraints, level of service). There are other research works on timetabling problem in which the authors use metaheuristics like GRASP. Among these is Mauttone & Urquhart (2009) who developed a metaheuristic based on GRASP for optimizing simultaneously different objectives for passengers and schedulers.In literature, there are approaches such as Szeto & Wu (2011) that combine two phases of the urban transport process. Szeto & Wu (2011) propose a simultaneously integrated solution for the bus network design and frequency setting problems using a genetic algorithm (GA) that tackles the route network design problem. GA is hybridized with a neighborhood search heuristic which tackles the frequency setting problem. Also in Cipriani et al. (2012), network design and frequency calculation are integrated for optimizing passenger transfer, among other impact measures. There are also approaches for solving two phases sequentially. A good example is Chakroborty (2003) who combines the transit routing and scheduling phases using a genetic algorithm. In his approach, he tries to minimize the transfer time and the waiting time. Another research that combines several phases is the one proposed by Zhao & Zeng (2008). …

In recent decades, many cities in the world has started to apply policies and development projects that aim to increase their citizens' convenience of life, which is considered one of the most basic criteria to a high quality living environment. The most obvious example is building subway, monorail, LRT (Light Rail Transit) as well as BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) systems to reduce inner city travel time, thus, enhance public transport convenience and quality of life. Especially, for an aging population country like Japan, the switch from using private transport to public transport is necessary in order to adapt to the current rapid change of its population's density and social structure. Actual urban public transport planning needs to select transport means that not only have appropriate speed and level of punctuality but also are compatible with the scale, structure and the demand of each city's population. Among the above requirements, everyday travel time is one of the most significant criteria to evaluate quality of life. Apart from travel speed and density of public transport terminals, walking time between home and stations crucially affects total travel time within urban areas. Because each person's commuting ability depends on age and physical ability, the sphere of walking should be carefully considered in public traffic transport network planning in order to enhance the living convenience. This research focuses on walkability and accessibility, aims to evaluate travel quality of each public transport in urban areas by using algorithmic models to analyze travelling time as well as physical and mental consumption index of public transport users. In addition, the study also conducts quantitative analysis on travelling quality in order to evaluate accessibility and applies the developed model to the central area of Utsunomiya City in order to verify the model. The algorithmic model analyzes three basic public transport means in the city, which are bus, BRT and subway systems. The model assumes that the researched urban area is 1200x1200m wide, public transport routes are arranged horizontally in the center of the area, and the walking routes are arranged horizontally and perpendicularly, which means the walking distances are measured by the Manhattan distance metric. The model will calculate total traveling time of pedestrians including walking time and public transports using time. The sphere of travelling is assumed to be among the three distances that are 1200m, 4800m, and 9600m. Using the total travelling time projected by the model, the study calculates total users' travel energy consumption by age. In addition, based on the algorithmic analysis of the central area of Utsunomiya City including JR Utsunomiya station as the centroid, the study analyzes the impact of walkability on people's travelling quality and research further on evaluating how convenient living environment in Utsunomiya city can be by the implementation of the three basic public transportation means. Based on the final result, the study elucidates the impact of station distribution in term of density and distance on users' travelling time. Especially, the study analyzes different levels of travelling quality by public transports between ages based on factors of walking speed, weight and resting metabolic rate. The study gives specific results in convenience level of each public transport means which can be used as a basis for establishing the assessments and selection of most suitable transports in urban planning.

This research paper devoted to the urban freight transport planning under sustainable city development. Continued urban population growth, traffic congestions, financial losses because of longer delivery times, harm-ful impact on environmental are highlighted as strong arguments for the freight traffic management in the cities. The article aims to help all stakeholders understand the challenges brought about by freight activities in an urban context, and make the planning process consistent and comprehensive for the city freight transportation system improvement. The brief overview of some recent foreign and native studies in urban transport planning and traffic engi-neering reveals main field of interests for modern researchers. The clear focus of the analysed scientific works di-rected on such aspects in sustainable urban freight transport development as energy and economic efficiency, eco-friendliness, safety, institutional and legal issues of freight transportations. Special attention is paid to the analy-sis of government initiatives in sustainable transport system development of Ukraine. Identification of the main freight transportation features in an urban area is carried out on the initial re-search stage. Each feature has an explanation for better understanding necessity of their usage in the freight transport planning process. The other focus of the research devotes to the description of the stages during urban freight transport planning process. Author attends a deep freight transport demand and supply analysis for a de-termination of the basic freight distribution regularities in an urban context. Therefore, a list of indicators for subsystem of city freight transportation evaluation is presented in the article. The whole set of indicators is divid-ed into economical, operational, environmental, social and general groups of indicators. Moreover, the compo-nents of successful measures implementation for an urban freight transport subsystem improvement are highlight-ed. Financial management, political support, institution, organisation and legal framework condition are consid-ered as the key elements of successful plans and measures implementation. Keywords: planning, sustainable development, freight transport, urban population, authorities.

It is beneficial to adjust and improve urban public transport system based on urban spatial heterogeneity and urban spatial distribution of transit-oriented development through establishing reasonable evaluation indexes and evaluation method of coupling development between urban spatial structure and public transport system. Based on the inner connection between urban spatial structure and public transport system, the selection principle of evaluation indexes is determined from 5 aspects, such as reflecting the combination of urban planning and traffic planning, the dynamic development strategy of traffic mode, reasonable coordination of various public transport modes in space, the tendency of public transport policy and reasonable management mode. Based on the principle of index selection, the indexes are determined from the perspective of the mutual development of urban spatial structure and public transport. Fully combining the theory of urban design, transportation planning and economics, a set of effective evaluation system is set up, and the relationship between urban public transport and urban spatial is expressed more intuitively. Through the dimensionless treatment of the indexes and the determination of the weight, the coupling degree between urban spatial structure and public transport system is calculated and analyzed from a quantitative point of view.

With the development of society and the Internet and the advent of the cloud era, people began to pay attention to big data. The background of big data brings opportunities and challenges to the research of urban intelligent transportation networks. Urban transportation system is one of the important foundations for maintaining urban operation. The rapid development of the city has brought tremendous pressure on the traffic, and the congestion of urban traffic has restricted the healthy development of the city. Therefore, how to improve the urban transportation network model and improve transportation and transportation has become an urgent problem to be solved in urban development. Specific patterns hidden in large-scale crowd movements can be studied through transportation networks such as subway networks to explore urban subway transportation modes to support corresponding decisions in urban planning, transportation planning, public health, social networks, and so on. Research on urban subway traffic patterns is crucial. At the same time, a correct understanding of the behavior patterns and laws of residents’ travel is a key factor in solving urban traffic problems. Therefore, this paper takes the metro operation big data as the background, takes the passenger travel behavior in the urban subway transportation system as the research object, uses the behavior entropy to measure the human behavior, and actively explores the urban subway traffic mode based on the metro passenger behavior entropy in the context of big data. At the same time, the congestion degree of the subway station is analyzed, and the redundancy time optimization model of the subway train stop is established to improve the efficiency of the subway operation, so as to provide important and objective data and theoretical support for the traveler, planner and decision maker. Compared to the operation graph without redundant time, the total travel time optimization effect of passengers is 7.74%, and the waiting time optimization effect of passengers is 6.583%.

Transport is a critical system in the city, which, through providing access to essential activities, enables diverse women and men, girls and boys to “appropriate” their right to the city and to realize a fully rounded and substantive urban citizenship. Yet, despite decades of work on gender in urban development and urban planning, mainstream transport planning still remains largely untouched by debates on diversity and difference in cities. The tendency to focus on the economic and now environmental aspects continues to dominate urban transport. In contrast, concerns for the identity of urban residents or “users” are addressed through, and ultimately marginalized to, “the social” and distributional aspects of urban transport planning. This paper argues that the distributional aspects of transport are cross cutting, and go beyond the disaggregation of transport users by social relations such as class, gender, age and ethnicity. The social identities of transport “users” are deeply embedded in social relations and urban practices, the latter ranging from the everyday lives of people to urban policies and planning. Furthermore, in transport, these social relations are played out in public space, with implications for how diverse women and men, girls and boys are able to exercise individual and collective “travel choice” and negotiate access to essential activities in the city. Recognition of these processes, as reflected in the “deep distribution” of the transport system, is essential to reframing the notion of “travel choice” and, ultimately, to urban transport and urban planning that is committed to social justice in cities.

How is health considered in urban transport planning? A review of the literature.

In urban planning, the need for sustainable solutions is increasing day by day to facilitate and improve human life. With the developing technology, cities are tried to be transformed into sustainable cities by using smart city technologies. This article is about current problems in urban transportation planning and new developments. It is also an introduction to the subject. Papers on this issue emphasize how physical mobility is still an important priority for urban life. Five features have been identified regarding emerging urban transport, management and strategies. The first descriptive feature, the relationship between land use and transportation. The second is sustainable urban mobility, which estimates future generations and resources to improve the quality of life in cities by prioritizing physical and biological health. The third feature is the concept of accessibility and mobility in urban and pedestrian. The fourth feature is the concept of “road diet” that managers use persistently but do not succeed in. Urban transport planning is a communication-oriented activity and new transport services in relation to other professions and policy sectors. The cities, which are exemplified numerically and visually, have been selected among the cities which may be examples to the other developing cities of the world.

In recent years, China has shifted from high-speed growth to high-quality development. At the same time, its urban transportation system is also moving from rapid expansion to intensive and efficient development. Though urban transportation system has entered the stage of relative maturity and stability, some problems are impacting heavily on plan implementation, e.g., poorly-developed planning system, overlapped planning management, theory & practice decoupling and lack of some evaluation steps. In the new situation of multi-planning integration, we propose integrating urban transportation planning into the spatial planning system by focusing on transforming and upgrading transportation planning management, and by streamlining the planning relations, unifying planning system, coordinating planning management, regulating planning compilation and improving implementation mechanism, so that urban transportation planning plays the greater role of strategic orientation in multi-planning system.

Urban transformations resulting from technological and economic changes have contributed to the emergence of a pattern of urban dispersion. Rapid transportation based on private cars, along with investment in road networks and the decline in land values on the outskirts of cities, have helped to create the phenomenon of urban sprawl and expansion. This has led to the absence of connectivity between city areas and the separation of residential, industrial, office, retail, and recreational areas. In contrast, concerns have escalated about traffic congestion in cities, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and increased energy consumption allocated to transportation, which has enhanced interest in active mobility patterns as a sustainable solution. Therefore, the problem of our research is that the urban transportation planning process in the city of Kufa is characterized by randomness and lack of sustainability principles, with neglect of the vital role of urban transportation and its effects on the health and psychological state of the city's residents and its association with economic aspects. The research assumed that following the principles of the active city and applying them in the city's urban transportation plans contributes to improving the quality of life for residents and addressing the problems associated with urban transportation in the city of Kufa. The research aims to evaluate the current urban transportation system according to the principles of the active city. The study concluded that the horizontal extension of the city of Kufa, the abundance of infrastructure for private vehicles, and long travel distances led to a reduction in reliance on active transportation. The design of residential neighborhoods in the city of Kufa encourages horizontal extension. It lacks a strategy of urban compactness or compaction, which forced the residents of the city of Kufa to rely primarily on private motorized transportation in the process of transportation, and with a direct relationship that increased environmental impacts and run-over accidents. The absence of encouragement and education, along with social customs, made active transportation in the city of Kufa socially unpopular. Therefore, the planning of residential neighborhoods must be reconsidered, better communication must be provided, and infrastructure for walking and cycling must be provided according to the guidelines of sustainable urban planning. The wider spread of economic activities throughout the city may increase active travel and reduce the use of private motorized vehicles.

Urban Land Use and Transportation Planning for Climate Change Mitigation: A Theoretical Framework

Urban land use and transportation planning for climate change mitigation: A theoretical framework

Prelims

Urban planning is super vital for cities. Good planning for the city would provide more convenience and benefits to citizens through economic effects, beautiful scenery and so on. This study analyses the application of remote sensing technologies in urban landscaping planning, transportation, and environmental protection. The combination of remote sensing and GIS technologies makes urban landscaping planning more accessible in urban landscaping planning. Usually, remote sensing provides satellite images, while the GIS processes the image and compares the target region for analysis. The combination method could predict urban green spaces. In urban transportation planning, remote sensing technology could combine with Artificial intelligence smart video technology to protect peoples safety in transportation, such as observing traffic violations by capturing videos or images and protecting traffic safety. In environmental protection, remote sensing could monitor the area change of wetlands and solve the natural disasters around the city. Different approaches have their benefits and disadvantages, and thus making urban plans by combining various techniques is essential.