Abstract
An eco-friendly, flexible and sustainable valorization of pomegranate residue (PR) was studied by hydrothermal technology. PR was used as a feedstock for producing hydrochar (PRHC) and the effects of treatment temperature (TT; 180, 200, 220 °C) and treatment time (Tt; 6, 12, 24 h) on the elemental composition, yield, higher heating value (HHV) and energy density (DE) parameters were examined. The most suitable production conditions were recommended as TT of 220 °C and Tt of 12 h with a HHV of 23.23 MJ/kg and DE of 1.22 GJ/m3. A broad spectral survey including FTIR, SEM/EDX, XPS, XRD, Raman and 13C MAS-NMR techniques were performed to define its physicochemical characteristics. PRHC was applied as an adsorbent for removal of Cu(II) ions from water and adsorption kinetics indicated well-suitability of the data to the pseudo second order model while the Langmuir model best described the equilibrium data with a 113.64 mg/g. Thermodynamics evaluation displayed the spontaneous, feasible and endothermic adsorption of Cu(II) ions. In addition, regeneration studies have shown efficiently usage of PRHC for multiple times in wastewater treatment.
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