MVR해수담수화플랜트의 고농도 농축수를 활용한 미네랄 제어 및 제염기술 연구

5,000,000 imp.gal/day sea water desalination plant for the Ministry of Electricity and Water, Government of Kuwait

The objectives of this study were to prepare a summary report that examines the opportunities for and obstacles to the integration of renewable energy resources in the Southeast between now and the year 2030. The report, which is based on a review of existing literature regarding renewable resources in the Southeast, includes the following renewable energy resources: wind, solar, hydro, geothermal, biomass, and tidal. The evaluation was conducted by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the Energy Foundation and is a subjective review with limited detailed analysis. However, the report offers a best estimate of the magnitude, time frame, and cost of deployment of renewable resources in the Southeast based upon the literature reviewed and reasonable engineering and economic estimates. For the purposes of this report, the Southeast is defined as the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. In addition, some aspects of the report (wind and geothermal) also consider the extended Southeast, which includes Maryland, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. A description of the existing base of renewable electricity installations in the region is given for each technology considered. Where available, the possible barriers and other considerations regarding renewable energy resources are listed in terms of availability, investment and maintenance costs, reliability, installation requirements, policies, and energy market. As stated above, the report is a comprehensive review of renewable energy resources in the southeastern region of United States based on a literature study that included information obtained from the Southern Bio-Power wiki, sources from the Energy Foundation, sources available to ORNL, and sources found during the review. The report consists of an executive summary, this introductory chapter describing report objectives, a chapter on analysis methods and the status of renewable resources, chapters devoted to each identified renewable resource, and a brief summary chapter. Chapter 2 on analysis methods and status summarizes the benefits of integrating renewable energy resources in the Southeast. The utilization of the existing fuels, both the fossil fuels and the renewable energy resources, is evaluated. The financial rewards of renewable resources are listed, which includes the amount of fuel imported from outside the Southeast to find the net benefit of local renewable generation, and both the typical and new green job opportunities that arise from renewable generation in the Southeast. With the load growth in the Southeast, the growth of transmission and fossil fuel generation may not meet the growing demands for energy. The load growth is estimated, and the benefits of renewable resources for solving local growing energy demands are evaluated. Chapters 3-7 discuss the key renewable energy resources in the Southeast. Six resources available in this region that are discussed are (1) wind, including both onshore and offshore; (2) solar, including passive, photovoltaic, and concentrating; (3) biomass energy, including switchgrass, biomass co-firing, wood, woody biomass, wood industry by-products (harvesting residues, mill waste, etc.), agricultural byproducts, landfill gas to energy and anaerobic digester gas; (4) hydro; and (5) geothermal. Because of limited development, ocean wave and tidal were not considered to be available in significant quantity before 2030 and are not presented in the final analysis. Estimates on the location of potential megawatt generation from these renewable resources in the Southeast are made. Each chapter will describe the existing base of the renewable electricity installations in the region now and, when available, the base of the existing manufacturing capacity in the region for renewable energy resources hardware and software. The possible barriers and considerations for renewable energy resources are presented.

At the present day energy and environment problems occurring because of urbanization, population growth and technology bring the usage of renewable and environment-friendly energy resources in the foreground in local, regional and global scale. Construction sector, which causes environmental pollution by using considerable part of natural resources, uses energy beginning from raw material extraction phase going through construction, usage and demolition phases. Therefore utilisation of renewable energy resources and tackling environmental problems come into the sphere of interest of not only architecture discipline but also but also other disciplines related with architecture; and sensibility increasing by environmental and energy problems obligates to collaborate all disciplines related with construction production. In this context sustainable architecture concept find interest and acceptance more and more by the day. Providing the conservation of resources by using renewable energy resources helps to solve environmental problems. In order to solve environmental problems it is beneficial to define said concepts, determine the criteria for energy use by prompting the use of renewable energy resources in buildings, and approach the subject by interdisciplinary rapprochement. Biological energy, water, solar and wind energy through easily supplied renewable energy sources that do not pollute environment are used in different ways in buildings. Parallel to these developments there are some solar houses in Turkey implemented by universities and related organizations. However, it is required to increase the number such applications, and supply the widespread use of solar energy in buildings. In this proceeding, usage of solar energy in buildings in the context of sustainability and solar houses in Turkey designed for utilising solar energy will be evaluated, and some suggestions will be made about efficient use of solar energy in buildings. Key Words: Sustainable building design, energy efficient building design, renewable energy resources, usage of solar energy in buildings, solar houses

Renewable energy resources are deemed a potential energy production source due to their cost efficiency and harmless reaction to the environment, unlike non-renewable energy resources. However, they often fail to meet energy requirements in unfavorable weather conditions. The concept of Hybrid renewable energy resources addresses this issue by integrating both renewable and non-renewable energy resources to meet the required energy load. In this paper, an intelligent cost optimization algorithm is proposed to maximize the use of renewable energy resources and minimum utilization of non-renewable energy resources to meet the energy requirement for a nanogrid infrastructure. An actual data set comprising information about the load and demand of utility grids is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed nanogrid energy management system. The objective function is formulated to manage the nanogrid operation and implemented using a variant of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) named recurrent PSO (rPSO). Firstly, rPSO algorithm minimizes the installation cost for nanogrid. Thereafter, the proposed NEMS ensures cost efficiency for the post-installation period by providing a daily operational plan and optimizing renewable resources. State-of-the-art optimization models, including Genetic Algorithm (GA), bat and different Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) solvers, are used to evaluate the model. The study's outcomes suggest that the proposed work significantly reduces the use of diesel generators and fosters the use of renewable energy resources and beneficiates the eco-friendly environment.

The goal of the article is to carry out a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical development of innovative technologies in the energy industry through the energy trilemma “energy efficiency – energy security – environmental sustainability”. Transformation of the world energy industry is accompanied by a change in the dominant types of fuel in the energy balance, technological and organizational innovations, expansion and optimization of the supply chain. The current stage of the international energy market transformation is described by a growth of demand for energy supply, intensified use of renewable energy sources, and increase in the energy efficiency. Respectively, the investments in the energy industry should be spent on the creation and implementation of solutions that will meet the growing demand, compensation of the decline in energy supply production from the existing oil and gas fields, and the development of the infrastructure of traditional and renewable energy resources. The article uses the content, analytical, statistical and functional methods of research to explore the current state and trends in the transformation of the global energy industry, the main areas of which are the development of nontraditional hydrocarbon (shale gas and oil sands) and renewable energy sources (RES); the use of these sources on the basis of technological innovation is considered to be more efficient. The following conclusions have been made based on the materials presented in the article: the use of various nonconventional hydrocarbon fields will spread in the energy industry in the coming decades; the specific weight of new technologies applied to production and consumption of energy derived from renewable sources, in particular, will increase; transition from the use of renewable energy sources of the first order to the use of renewable energy of the second order should be expected in the long term; and new energy servicing technologies based on the concept of smart grids will be introduced, along with the development of technologies for the extraction of energy resources.

Consumer demand for ‘green power’ and energy efficiency

Investment in renewable energy resources, sustainable financial inclusion and energy efficiency: A case of US economy

This paper develops a comprehensive workflow to assess the available renewable energy resources (geothermal, solar, wind, tidal, hydrogen) at a generic oil field location and optimize the integration of these renewables with conventional operations to maximize energy efficiency and reduce carbon footprint. The scope includes renewable resource assessment, energy modelling, optimization techniques to design an optimal hybrid renewable-fossil fuel energy system for the oil field, quantifying emissions reductions and efficiency improvements achieved. Methods, Procedures, Process: The proposed workflow was developed and validated through case studies on two groups of wells (offshore and onshore oil field). Firstly, renewable resource data were collected and analyzed for each site. Energy demand profiles of the field facilities were modelled based on operational data. An optimization model integrating renewable generation forecasts with wells and field energy requirements was then formulated to size the renewable systems and determine the optimal hybrid renewable-conventional generation mix. Sensitivity analyses were performed to account for variability in resources and loads. Finally, a generalized workflow applicable to any oil field was proposed, incorporating resource assessment, modelling, optimization, and technical-economic analyses for system design. The results from the offshore and onshore oil field case studies were promising for integrating multiple available renewable energy sources. As the field locations were in Venezuela, a region with high solar irradiation levels, solar photovoltaic systems showed favorable potential at both sites. For the offshore field, the results highlighted significant opportunities for wind energy utilization due to the high wind speeds observed over the marine environment. The onshore field, being near geothermal wells, revealed an additional potential for harnessing geothermal steam to support enhanced oil recovery operations for the heavy crude oils present. The optimized hybrid renewable-conventional systems designed through the workflow demonstrated substantial reductions in carbon emissions and improved overall energy efficiency compared to conventional with gas and diesel-based operations. For the cases studied, the economic analyses indicated attractive payback periods, these sustainable energy systems financially viability workflow was included as well. In conclusion, the proposed workflow provides a comprehensive methodology for oil fields to evaluate their renewable energy resources, model energy requirements, optimize system design through hybrid generation mixes, and quantify the environmental and economic benefits achievable through such energy transitions. The flexibility of the workflow allows its application across diverse oil field settings to unlock their energy potentials maximally. This paper presents a novel integrated workflow that combines renewable energy resource assessment, energy modelling, optimization techniques, and economic/environmental impact analyses specifically tailored for oil field operations. The holistic approach enables maximizing the utilization of available renewable sources through optimally designed hybrid systems. This workflow provides a structured methodology for oil fields transitioning to renewable energy, quantifying achievable emissions reductions and efficiency gains.

Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) is today an important methodology to quantify the life cycle based environmental impacts of products, services or organisations. Since the very first LCA studies, the cumulative energy demand CED (also called ‘primary energy consumption’) has been one of the key indicators being addressed. Despite its popularity, there is no harmonised approach yet and the standards and guidelines define the cumulative energy demand differently. In this paper, an overview of existing and applied life cycle based energy indicators and a unifying approach to establish characterisation factors for the cumulative energy demand indicator are provided. The CED approaches are illustrated in a building’s LCA case study. The five approaches are classified into two main concepts, namely the energy harvested and the energy harvestable concepts. The two concepts differ by the conversion efficiency of the energy collecting facility. A unifying ‘energy harvested’ approach is proposed based on four theses, which ensure consistent accounting among renewable and non renewable energy resources. The indicator proposed is compared to four other CED indicators, differing in the characterisation factors of fossil and biomass resources (upper or lower heating value), the characterisation factor of uranium and the characterisation factors of renewable energy resources (amount harvested or amount harvestable). The comparison of the five approaches is based on the cumulative energy demand of a newly constructed building of the city of Zurich covering the whole life cycle, including manufacturing and construction, replacement and use phase, and end of life. The cumulative energy demand of the life cycle of the building differs between 336 MJ oil-eq/m2a (‘CED uranium low’) and 836 MJ oil-eq/m2a (‘CED energy statistics’). The main differences occur in the use phase. The main reason for the large differences in the results are the different concepts to determine the characterisation factors for renewable and nuclear energy resources. The energy harvested approach ‘CED standard’ is a consistent approach, which quantifies the energy content of all different (renewable and non-renewable) energy resources. The ‘CED standard’ approach and the impact category indicator results computed with this approach reflect the safeguard subject ‘energy resources’ but not (no other) environmental impacts. The energy harvested approach proposed in this paper can readily be implemented in different contexts and applied to various data sets.

Regional supply chains for decarbonising steel: Energy efficiency and green premium mitigation

Regulatory challenges of Palestinian strategies on distribution of desalinated water

Regulatory challenges of Palestinian strategies on distribution of desalinated water

In the article, the authors present the approach of combining energy production systems, subsystems by obtaining specific advantages, facilitating the efficient conversion of resources subject to advanced energy-thermal treatment, and solutions are proposed for the creation of a “photovoltaic - other combining resources” matrix. obtaining the generational energy mix. The paper describes the endogenous economic growth through the knowledge of hybrid technological processes, the technical and technological changes in the field of energy, the relational implications in the field and advances the proposal of a hybrid energy system based on the mix of geothermal energy resources from closed coal mines) and renewable energy resources solar. Also, the breakdown of energy/geothermal heat sources recovered from galleries and long-front abattoirs as lots of a sub-system of energy production in a hybrid energy system based on the mix of geothermal mining and renewable solar energy resources is reported. The authors conclude that the addition of the “hydrogen production” sub-system to the hybrid energy system based on the mix of fossil and renewable energy resources represents extensive conceptual and operational specific development.

Renewable energy technologies adopted by the UAE: Prospects and challenges – A comprehensive overview

The effect of renewable energy (RE) development on the sustainable development of SMEs' potential in Nigeria was empirically done to unlock the possibility of deciphering the perennial energy problem in Nigeria. The development of renewable energy (RE) resources and utilization can greatly benefit Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria by providing a reliable, sustainable and cost-effective power supply. This is especially important, as many sectors of Nigeria's economy, including SMEs, are highly dependent on the poor power supply that is currently available. Thus, this study specifically examines the effect of RE resources availability, generation, system efficiency and effectiveness, and utilization on SMEs’ sustainable development potential in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted and a population of 73,081 SMEs across Nigeria was utilized with a sample of 398 SMEs selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. A validated questionnaire was administered to the owners/managers of the selected SMEs, information obtained from the questionnaire was collated, scrutinized, and analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM) with the aid of SMART PLS 4 software through the structural model. The findings revealed that RE resources availability, generation, system efficiency and effectiveness, and utilization potentials of SMEs have a positive and significant effect on the potential development of SMEs in Nigeria. The study concluded that RE resources availability, generation, system efficiency and effectiveness, and utilization have significant influence on SMEs’ sustainable development potential in Nigeria. Thus, government, private sectors, and international development partners should focus on providing more resources, knowledge, and support to enable SMEs to access, generate and effectively use renewable energy resources more efficiently.