대구광역시 단독주택의 에너지 및 온실가스 배출원단위 작성에 관한 연구

Impacts of green certification programs on energy consumption and GHG emissions in buildings: A spatial regression approach

Occupant behavior and energy consumption in dwellings: An analysis of behavioral models and actual energy consumption in the dutch housing stock

产业园区温室气体排放清单研究

Impacts of battery degradation on state-level energy consumption and GHG emissions from electric vehicle operation in the United States

Residential buildings generate significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and consume energy throughout their life cycle. In recent years, research on GHG emissions and energy consumption of buildings has developed rapidly in response to the growing climate change and energy crisis. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an important method for evaluating the environmental impacts of the building sector. However, LCA studies of buildings show widely varying outcomes across the world. Besides, environmental impact assessment from a whole life cycle perspective has been undeveloped and slow. Our work presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of LCA studies on GHG emissions and energy consumption in the preuse, use, and demolition stages of residential buildings. We aim to examine the differences among the results of diverse case studies and demonstrate the spectrum of variations under contextual disparities. Results show that residential building emits about 2928kg GHG emission and consumes about 7430 kWh of energy per m2 of gross building area on average throughout the life cycle. Residential buildings have an average GHG emission of 84.81% in the use phase, followed by the preuse phase and demolition phase; the mean energy consumption in the use stage occupied the largest share of 84.52%, followed by preuse stage and demolition stage. GHG emissions and energy use vary significantly in different regions due to different building types, natural conditions, and lifestyles. Our study stresses the compelling requirement to slash GHG emissions and optimize energy consumption from residential buildings by use of low carbon building materials, energy structure adjustment, consumer behavior transformation, etc.

Building is the largest consumer of resources and the biggest polluter of the environment, including energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission. Greening existing buildings, an extension of green building concept to existing buildings, can potentially help to improve such issues. Greening process can considerably reduce energy consumption in buildings and thereby reduce the carbon dioxide emission. On the basis of a recent study on energy consumption in residential buildings in Brunei Darussalam, this paper demonstrates the potential savings in energy consumption and reduction of energy cost, if modern and energy-efficient electrical appliances are used in place of the existing conventional features/appliances. The result sshow that an average household can potentially reduce its yearly energy consumption by 32.74% and they can save annual energy cost of up to 52.20%. It is also seen that the appliances with higher energy consumption, like air conditioners and refrigerators, can offer higher savings of both energy consumption and energy cost, with relatively smaller extra initial replacement costs. A favourable awareness programme by appropriate authority is likely to motivate people to use such practices and help to reduce energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases.

Modeling hourly consumption of electricity and district heat in non-residential buildings

Mitigating Curtailment and Carbon Emissions through Load Migration between Data Centers

The potential challenge for the effective GHG emissions mitigation of urban energy consumption: A case study of Macau

Reasonable test, diagnosis, and analysis are meaningful for building energy efficiency retrofit and management. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission of a large-scale commercial building are described in this article. Basic information about energy consumption equipment is included in the investigation. Further diagnoses about the operational state of air-conditioning water systems, and ducted systems were implemented. Energy consumption decreased 200 kWh/m2 per year from 2007 to 2009 after energy-saving reconstruction in 2006. Next, a carbon audit was carried out; this comprised CO2 emission statistics associated with the energy use and categorization and structural analysis (categorization refers to energy categorization and structural analysis means the composition and its proportion relationship of all kinds of primary energy and secondary energy in energy production or consumption). Greenhouse gas emissions could be less than 150 kg/m2 per year from 2007 to 2009. An analysis of the correlation between CO2 emissions, building gross domestic product, and energy efficiency is also presented. This article makes an analysis on the energy utilization and energy-saving reconstruction of a public commercial building in Shanghai and then makes an analysis of carbon audit about greenhouse gas emissions related to energy utilization (it analyzes the status of building’s energy utilization and greenhouse gas emissions), to have a more comprehensive understanding on the internal relationship between energy consumption and its greenhouse gas emissions and provide researchful reference data for the development with reduction strategies of greenhouse gas emission in future building.

Statistical analysis of greenhouse gas emissions of South Korean residential buildings

Aluminum production is a major energy consumer and important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. Estimation of the energy consumption and GHG emissions caused by aluminum production in China has attracted widespread attention because China produces more than half of the global aluminum. This paper conducted life cycle (LC) energy consumption and GHG emissions analysis of primary and recycled aluminum in China for the year 2020, considering the provincial differences on both the scale of self-generated electricity consumed in primary aluminum production and the generation source of grid electricity. Potentials for energy saving and GHG emissions reductions were also investigated. The results indicate that there are 157,207 MJ of primary fossil energy (PE) consumption and 15,947 kg CO2-eq of GHG emissions per ton of primary aluminum ingot production in China, with the LC GHG emissions as high as 1.5–3.5 times that of developed economies. The LC PE consumption and GHG emissions of recycled aluminum are very low, only 7.5% and 5.3% that of primary aluminum, respectively. Provincial-level results indicate that the LC PE and GHG emissions intensities of primary aluminum in the main production areas are generally higher while those of recycled aluminum are lower in the main production areas. LC PE consumption and GHG emissions can be significantly reduced by decreasing electricity consumption, self-generated electricity management, low-carbon grid electricity development, and industrial relocation. Based on this study, policy suggestions for China’s aluminum industry are proposed. Recycled aluminum industry development, restriction of self-generated electricity, low-carbon electricity utilization, and industrial relocation should be promoted as they are highly helpful for reducing the LC PE consumption and GHG emissions of the aluminum industry. In addition, it is recommended that the central government considers the differences among provinces when designing and implementing policies.

Life cycle assessment of the energy consumption and GHG emissions of state-of-the-art automotive battery cell production

This paper analyzes the energy status and energy saving measures of the universities in the world based on the current situation of building energy consumption, compares the data including energy consumption per unit area, electric energy consumption per unit area, energy consumption per capita, electric energy consumption per capita and carbon emission per capita. The characteristics of building energy consumption in universities are summarized which can provide the basis for energy saving measures and the development of carbon reduction plan. building information of the school in the city of Espoo and compare the building energy consumption data in 2012. The trend of university building's annual energy consumption is obviously decreasing and the differences of the energy consumption in different constructions are large. The annual energy consumption per unit area is between 145kWh/m 2 and 381kWh/m 2 (4) . Parts of the European countries count the heating energy consumption per unit area of the domestic university. It is concluded that the difference of the heating energy consumption is big in Ireland and the United Kingdom of the same latitude but the difference of that is small in Greece and Italy of the same latitude.

The Republic of Austria has confirmed the 20-20-20 goals of the European Union and has consequently set up an energy strategy for Austria for the 2010 implementation initiative. As part of this initiative a number of “Climate and Energy Model Regions” have been founded, one of these is the Climate and Energy Model Region Bucklige Welt-Wechselland. This model region has announced a regional initiative with the goal of reducing CO2 emissions by 25% by 2020 compared with 2005 emissions. The real estate sector is the biggest energy consumer and issuer of greenhouse gases, as for setting up, operating and demolishing huge quantities of energy are consumed, this having a direct impact on emission of greenhouse gases. The real estate sector is consequently getting more and more into the focus of national and international legislation. Metrics used for defining political goals are energy consumption as well as emissions of greenhouse gases. As so the real estate sector has earned an important role in Austrian energy politics. To significantly reduce the need for fossil fuels for heating and hot water, a number of measures, like reducing the consumption for heating have to be realized. The potential in this area is extremely high. By means of complete thermal renovation it is possible to realize huge energy savings potentials.The “Climate and Energy Model Region Bucklige Welt-Wechselland” is located in the southern region of Lower Austria an adjacent to Styria and Burgenland. It consists of 32 communities with a total of 830 km2 and app. 50.000 inhabitants. 23 communities belong to the sub region “Bucklige Welt” and 9 communities to the sub region “Wechselland”.This study shows the energy savings and CO2 emission reductions in this region by 2020 which could be realized if all one-family houses set up in the period from 1945 to 1980 would undergo a complete thermal renovation. ^For showing the heating energy savings potential in the region all not renovated houses of this building period are taken into account, representing app. 30% of the total number of buildings in the region. This paper shows the possible reduction in CO2 emissions by 2020 if all buildings under consideration would be transformed to low-energy houses (heating energy demand 70kWh/m2/year).The period 1945 to 1980 has been chosen as based on the prevalent construction methods during these years one-family houses built during this period show the highest savings potential (the average heating energy demand of houses built during this period is 200 kWh/m2/year with an average gross floor area of 129m2). This renovation initiative would have a direct and high impact on the CO2 emission reduction demanded by the regional energy concept and initiative and would thus very positively contribute to sustainable development in this region.The total number of 6.266 buildings to be renovated with a current average heating energy demand of 200 kWh/m2/year and an average gross floor area of 129m2 result in a total heating energy demand of 161.662.800 kWh and CO2 emission of 52.379 metric tons per year. A complete thermal renovation of these buildings, reducing the heating energy demand to 70 kWh/m2/year (low-energy house level) could bring massive savings which are calculated and shown in detail in this study. Finally the potential contribution of this renovation initiative to environmental protection and climate targets of the Climate and Energy Model Region Bucklige Welt-Wechselland and the impact on quality of life in the region are discussed and shown.The total heating energy savings of 105.081 MWh per year cause a reduction in CO2 emissions of 34.046 tons per year. This enormous reduction in energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases can indeed be seen as a substantial contribution to environmental protection and quality of life in the “LEADER Region Bucklige Welt-Wechselland”. Finally every private household can sustainably contribute to the 20-20-20 climate targets as well as to the regional targets of the “LEADER Region Bucklige Welt-Wechselland” to reduce CO2 emissions by 25 % compared to 2005 in this region by 2020 by doing a thermal renovation of their house.