A Study on the Decoupling between Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide: A Case on the Shanxi Province

The BRICS nations-Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa-have grown significantly in importance over the past few decades, playing a vital role in the development and growth of the global economy. This expansion has not been without cost, either, since these countries' concern over environmental deterioration has risen sharply. Both researchers and decision-makers have focused a lot of attention on the connection between economic growth and ecological sustainability. By using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach, the complex relationships were analyzed between important economic indicators-such as gross domestic product (GDP), ecological innovations (EI), energy consumption (ENC), institutional performance (IP), and trade openness (TOP)-and their effect on carbon emissions and nitrous oxide emissions in the BRICS countries from 1990 to 2021, this study seeks to contribute to this important dialog. Principal component analysis is formed for technological innovations and institutional performance using six (ICT service exports as a percentage of service exports, computer communications as a percentage of commercial service exports, fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 people, internet users as a percentage of the population, number of patent applications, and R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP) and twelve (government stability, investment profile, socioeconomic conditions, internal conflict, external conflict, military in politics, control of corruption, religious tensions, ethnic tensions, law and order, bureaucracy quality, and democratic accountability) distinct indicators, respectively. The results of nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag estimation show that increase in economic growth would increase carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. The positive and negative shocks in trade openness have positive and significant impact on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions in BRICS countries. Furthermore, the positive shock energy consumptions have positive and significant effect on Brazil and India when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. However, EKC exists in BRICS countries when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. According to long-term estimation, energy consumption and technological innovations in the BRICS countries show a strong and adverse link with nitrous oxide and a favorable relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. In the long run, environmental indicators are seen to have a major and unfavorable impact in BRICS nations. Finally, it is proposed that BRICS nations can assure environmental sustainability if they support creative activities, enhance their institutions, and support free trade policies.

Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and economic growth are increasingly affecting the climate and temperature of the earth. Large amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased the greenhouse effect and global warming. By 2020, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased to 48% above its pre-industrial level. The main objectives of this study are to determine the level and the pattern of the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Also, this study examines the long-term and short-term impacts of energy consumption, economic growth, and non-renewable energy on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Malaysia. Due to increased industrialization, Malaysia faces significant problems, such as environmental pollution. This study uses annual time series data from 1986 to 2021 and is analyzed using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach. The study suggests that energy consumption, economic growth, and non-renewable energy positively impact carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results through dynamic ARDL indicate that energy consumption, economic growth, and non-renewable energy positively impact Malaysia’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the short-run and long run. The error correction model (ECM) provides short- run shocks in these variables and establishes equilibrium relations in the long run. Therefore, policymakers should consider implementing a carbon tax to be enforced on polluters to prevent ecological pollution at a minimum for the short-term regulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

The report discusses the serious environmental issues Indonesia's growing economy and rising energy use have brought about. In addition to examining government initiatives to lessen these impacts through sustainable development regulations, the goals include evaluating the connection between economic indicators and environmental results. The research employs a mixed-approaches strategy, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative analysis, which employs time series data from 1991 to 2020, focuses on carbon dioxide emissions per capita as the dependent variable and GDP and energy consumption per capita as independent variables. Multiple linear regression using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) evaluates these correlations. A thorough grasp of the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental deterioration is provided by qualitative analysis, which entails a review of the literature to investigate government initiatives addressing environmental concerns. The study results show a substantial positive correlation between Indonesia's carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, energy consumption, and economic development. The analysis indicates that the ongoing economic activities driven by fossil fuel consumption will exacerbate environmental degradation without significant intervention, necessitating effective government policies for sustainable development and emission reduction. The study concludes that economic growth and energy consumption significantly contribute to Indonesia's environmental degradation, particularly through increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. It recommends that the government strengthen policies promoting sustainable energy use, increase investment in renewable energy technologies, and implement stricter regulations on industrial emissions. Additionally, fostering public awareness and education on environmental sustainability is crucial for effective long-term solutions.

As an important energy base in China, the economic development of Shanxi Province highly depended on coal resources. However, huge coal consumption produced a large amount of carbon dioxide and aggravated ecological problems. Thus, this study uses energy consumption, GDP, and the urbanization rate from 1981 to 2020 via the Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) and impulse response function to analyze the interaction among carbon emissions, urbanization, and economic growth in Shanxi Province. The results show that relations among carbon emissions, economic growth, and urbanization are complicated, and all three have a long-term stable equilibrium relationship. The lag effect on each other reacts violently in the short term, and gradually becomes gentle over time. In the short term, carbon emissions are positively correlated with economic growth and have the same trend of change, but in the long run, carbon emissions will have a small hindering effect on economic growth. Carbon emissions reduce urbanization levels in the short term, and then gradually climb, tending to stabilize as time goes by. With respect to receiving economic growth impaction, carbon emission increases at the initial stage of economic development, but the growth rate becomes slow as time goes by. With respect to receiving urbanization impaction, carbon emission first declines and then rises slowly with relatively small and slow growth in general. The relations among carbon emissions, economic growth, and urbanization are complicated. Therefore, local government needs to be very cautious in regional governance, especially in economic and urban planning and design, take various factors into consideration, and adhere to low-carbon, green, and circular development so as to achieve the carbon peak and carbon neutrality as scheduled and make the urban economy develop sustainably.

This paper based on the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories to measure a variety of energy carbon emission coefficient and calculate the carbon emission from energy consumption of Shanxi Province in 2004-2013. Using the application of logarithmic mean weight decomposition method (LMDI), Shanxi Province carbon emissions from energy consumption is divided into four aspects, economic growth, industrial structure, energy intensity, energy consumption structure. The results of the study show that: taking 2003 as a base period, economic growth is the biggest driving factor of energy consumption carbon emission in Shanxi Province; Energy intensity is the biggest factor to curb carbon emissions; industrial structure also has a promoting effect on energy consumption carbon emission, but it is obviously smaller than the effect of economic growth; energy consumption structure both has positive and negative effects on carbon emission, and its positive effect is greater than negative. Finally, many corresponding suggestions are put forward based on the results of the analysis.

A multi-factor efficiency perspective to the relationships among world GDP, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions

The leading cause of global climate change and warming is greenhouse gas emissions. In developing economic activities, energy plays an important role, and human activities are responsible for climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions adverse impacts on the environment. This study investigates carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption on CO2 emissions rather than total energy consumption. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have a causal relationship of CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (CO2L), industry (IND), economic growth (GDP), and trade openness (TR). The ARDL bound method incorporates the structure break and Granger causality method to measure the long-run and short-run cointegration relationship between the variables based on annual data from 1971 to 2016 Malaysia. Both the augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron analysis also supported exploring the study variables' stationarity. The long-run forecasts indicate that CO2L, IND, TR, and GDP are significantly related to CO2 emissions. The error correction term (ECT) value was -0.952, revealing that CO2 emissions diverged from a short-run to long-run equilibrium by 95.2% each year. Furthermore, the Granger causality test shows bidirectional causality between trade openness and CO2L. A unidirectional causality runs from the trade openness to industry at a 1% level form. The current study aims to find out the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade in Malaysia to fill this scientific gap. Based on this study's results, the government needs effective policies and initiatives to identify Malaysia's ecological issues. It is also essential to determine the basic target of Malaysia's consumption of liquid fuel and its environmental mitigation policies.

Przedmiot badań: Artykuł wpisuje się w nurt badań dotyczących wpływu zmiennych makroekonomicznych na środowisko. Jest to temat często poruszany w literaturze, jed­nak brak jest jednoznacznych wniosków co do wpływu BIZ, wzrostu gospodarczego i zużycia energii na emisję dwutlenku węgla (CO2) i w ten sposób na zanieczyszczenie środowiska. Wyniki badania dostarczają nowych argumentów w zakresie przedmiotu badań w odniesieniu do krajów grupy Wyszehradzkiej. Cel badawczy: Celem autorów była próba zbadania wpływu bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ), wzrostu gospodarczego i zużycia energii na emisje dwutlenku węgla w trzech wybranych Krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej (tj. w Polsce, Czechach i na Węgrzech).1 Metoda badawcza: W artykule zastosowano panelowy model regresji kwantylowej, który bierze pod uwagę nieobserwowaną indywidualną heterogeniczność. Opierając się na różnych punktach kwantylowych, w pełni wykorzystujemy dane próbki do analizy regresji. Dodatkowo podejście to pozwala na uchwyceniu nieobserwowalnych efektów stałych jako parametry, które należy oszacować łącznie z efektami współzmiennymi dla różnych kwantyli. Wyniki: Wyniki empiryczne nie potwierdziły możliwości zastosowania hipotezy „raju zanie­czyszczeń” i hipotezy „halo zanieczyszczeń” w odniesieniu do badanych krajów. W związku z powyższym nie jest możliwe stwierdzenie, iż kraje rozwinięte transferujące kapitał w postaci BIZ do krajów poddanych niniejszej analizie, wpływają w sposób istotny na wysokie zanieczysz­czenie w tych krajach, czyniąc je „rajami dla zanieczyszczeń” (biorąc pod uwagę rozważany okres badania). Także nie zostało potwierdzone, że firmy zagraniczne stosują lepsze praktyki za­rządzania i zaawansowane technologie, które sprzyjają czystemu środowisku w kraju przyjmują­cym. Z badania wynika ponadto, że zużycie energii zwiększa emisje dwutlenku węgla, przy czym najsilniejsze skutki występują przy wyższych kwantylach. Stąd też konkluzja, że wysoka emisja dwutlenku węgla w tych krajach jest wynikiem istniejącej struktury produkcji i konsumpcji ener­gii według kryterium nośników energii lub sposobów wytwarzania. Może to być wskazówką dla decydentów tych krajów, aby zostały wzmocnione odpowiednie przepisy środowiskowe w tym zakresie.

Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Central Asian Countries Bolor-Erdene Turmunkh Abstract This study examines the relationships between non-renewable and renewable energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, and population in Central Asian countries after the transition economics with the Panel Granger Causality, Panel Cointegration, and Panel non-stationarity tried to explain using the causality test, using 1992 to 2019 data from the World Development Indicators (WDI). The engagement of developing countries is an increasingly important part of addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-driven climate change. As such, understanding the patterns of energy use, GHG emissions, and economic growth in developing countries is vital. Major Central Asian countries are important in this respect due to their size, rapid growth, and extensive energy reserves. It has experienced rapid growth in its economy, energy consumption, and GHG emissions in recent years. It performs tests to verify the existence of the longrun relationships among the variables and examines short and longrun causal relationships. It finds that increased fossil fuel use is the main cause of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jeds.v9n1a7

BackgroundInternational awareness of the impact of global warming and climate change is increasing. Developing countries face the task of achieving sustainable economic growth while also improving the efficiency of their energy consumption. The E7 countries (Brazil, India, Indonesia, Mexico, People’s Republic of China, Russia, and Turkey) are all highly concerned with the promotion of carbon-emission-reduction strategies.MethodsThis research uses a bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test with structural breaks to examine the cointegration and causality relations between economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the E7 countries.ResultsThere is no cointegration between economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions for People’s Republic of China, Indonesia, Mexico, and Turkey. Evidence of cointegration is found for Brazil when CO2 emissions are the dependent variable and for India and Russia when energy consumption is the dependent variable. For all of the E7 countries except Indonesia, short-run Granger causality was found to exist from energy consumption to CO2 emissions and from economic growth to CO2 emissions for Brazil, India, Mexico, and People’s Republic of China. Short-run Granger causality was also found from economic growth to energy consumption for Brazil, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and People’s Republic of China, and from CO2 emissions to energy consumption for all E7 countries.ConclusionsThe results consistently show that energy consumption is the main cause of CO2 emissions, which has led to the emergence of global warming problems. Increases in CO2 emissions compel the E7 countries to develop sound policies on energy consumption and environmental pollution.

Carbon Emissions and Economic Development in Transport Industry - An Empirical Research Based on Decoupling Theory and Structure Decomposition Model

As an important energy base in China, Shanxi Province, in its economic development, has depended heavily on coal resources. However, enormous coal consumption produces a large amount of carbon dioxide and an aggravated ecological problem. In this paper, the super efficiency slack-based measure and data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model and Malmquist index were used to calculate the energy consumption and carbon emission efficiency of 11 prefecture-level cities in Shanxi in the period from 2000 to 2020. The results were as follows: (1) The primary form of energy consumption in Shanxi Province is the burning of coal, and the carbon emission efficiencies of the 11 prefecture-level cities are quite different. The technical efficiency, technological progress, and total factor productivity of Taiyuan and Shuozhou were found to be greater than 1 compared to other cities in Shanxi. (2) On the whole, although the carbon emission rate of Shanxi Province has slowed down, it still faces the problems of a large total emission base, high carbon emission intensity, and low efficiency of the unit carbon emission output. Industrial structure is the key factor restricting improvements in the efficiency of carbon emissions in Shanxi Province. (3) From the spatial and temporal evolution of the carbon emission efficiency in Shanxi Province, we can see that the carbon emission efficiency of the whole province gradually dispersed and improved from the central and northern regions to the southern regions during the period of 2000–2020. In order to achieve a low-carbon economy, Shanxi Province must optimize its industrial structure, accelerate research and development in low-carbon technologies, adjust the energy structure, and promote the construction of an energy supply system with clean low-carbon energy as the main source.

Population growth and trends are centrally important to the environment because it helps to determine the environmental impact of human activities. In this study, the World Bank database has been used. Here, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and energy intensity (EI) are considered as environmental indicators. The population indicators are the proportion of the population aged 15-64 years, and the percentage of the urban population. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is considered a development indicator in a country. This study tries to identify the association between population environment and development. Correlation analysis has been employed to know association and Path analysis is used to determine the important factors for environmental impacts such as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The result presents that the zero-order correlation exists among energy intensity (EI), the proportion of the population aged 15-64 (P15-64), urbanization (UR), gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (US$), total population (P) ) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in Bangladesh and India. It is observed that 8 paths for Bangladesh and 7 paths for India out of each 12 hypothesized paths are found to be statistically significant. In Bangladesh, the total effects of exogenous variables like as energy intensity (X1) and population aged 15-64 (X2) are observed negative direction on carbon dioxide emissions (X6) and the remaining variable like as urbanization (X3) is observed as positive direction on carbon dioxide emissions. However, in India total effects of these two exogenous variables population aged 15-64 (X2) and urbanization (X3) are observed positive direction on carbon dioxide emissions (X6) and the remaining variable like as energy intensity (X1) is observed negative direction on carbon dioxide emissions (X6). The total effects of endogenous variables like as GDP per capita (X4) show a negative direction on carbon dioxide emissions and population (X5) shows a positive direction on carbon dioxide emissions. The study demonstrates that CO2 emission is important for environmental impact in Bangladesh and India. There is a strong association between population, GDP per capita, energy consumption and urbanization and CO2 emission in Bangladesh and India. The factors of CO2 emissions play an important role in environmental degradation. Thus, attention should be focused on using low energy consumption, and proper urbanization, particularly on modern technology which assures fewer uses of CO2 emissions in Bangladesh and India.

Southeast Asia countries have experienced rapid economic growth within past decades with significant increase in energy dependency and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Continuous development in urban area has stimulated rise in energy consumption in many Southeast Asia countries which resulted in an improvement of citizen’s lifestyles and living standards due to increasing income and population. Understanding the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions helps economies in formulating energy policies, enhancing energy security and developing a sustainability of energy resources. Therefore, this study focuses on the economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions evolved in Southeast Asia by using Environment Kuznets Curve theory. This paper could be useful and beneficial for the Southeast Asia countries to form appropriate environment policies in order to maintain the balance of energy demand and supply and dealing with environmental quality issues. 

This study examines the dynamic impact of financial development, energy consumption, trade openness, and economic growth on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Nigeria. We applied autoregressive distributed lag bound testing technique for the period of 1971–2010. The empirical result shows a long-run cointegration relationship among the variables. The long-run estimation result, however, reveals that, economic growth, development of the financial sector and energy consumption have a positive and significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions, whereas trade openness has negative and significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions. The finding suggest that the government should emphasize programs and policies that reduce carbon dioxide emissions by opening the trade sector considering the roles such openness plays in reducing environmental degradation in the country, which directly enhances environmental quality.