천연가스 플랜트 건설단계의 탄소배출량 산정 및 저감방안

Assessing potential climate effects of natural gas versus coal electricity generation is complicated by the large number of factors reported in life cycle assessment studies, compounded by the large number of proposed climate metrics. Thus, there is a need to identify the key factors affecting the climate effects of natural gas versus coal electricity production, and to present these climate effects in as clear and transparent a way as possible. Here, we identify power plant efficiencies and methane leakage rates as the factors that explain most of the variance in greenhouse gas emissions by natural gas and coal power plants. Thus, we focus on the role of these factors in determining the relative merits of natural gas versus coal power plants. We develop a simple model estimating CO2 and CH4 emissions from natural gas and coal power plants, and resulting temperature change. Simple underlying physical changes can be obscured by abstract evaluation metrics, thus we focus our analysis on the time evolution of global mean temperature. We find that, during the period of plant operation, if there is substantial methane leakage, natural gas plants can produce greater near-term warming than coal plants with the same power output. However, if methane leakage rates are low and power plant efficiency is high, natural gas plants can produce some reduction in near-term warming. In the long term, natural gas power plants produce less warming than would occur with coal power plants. However, without carbon capture and storage natural gas power plants cannot achieve the deep reductions that would be required to avoid substantial contribution to additional global warming.

A Monte Carlo approach to generator portfolio planning and carbon emissions assessments of systems with large penetrations of variable renewables

There have been much interest and many efforts to control global warming and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the world. Recently, the Republic of Korea has also increased its GHG reduction goal and searched for an implementation plan. In buildings, for example, there have been technology developments and deployment policies to reduce GHG emissions from a life cycle perspective, covering construction materials, building construction, use of buildings and waste disposal. In particular, Korea’s Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design is a certification of environmentally-friendly buildings for their energy saving and reduction of environmental pollution throughout their lives. In fact, the demand and adoption of the certification are rising every year. In construction materials and buildings, as a result, an environmentally-friendly aspect has become crucial. The importance of construction material and building development technologies that can reduce environmental load by diminishing GHG emissions in buildings has emerged. Moreover, there has been a rising necessity to verify the GHG reduction effects of buildings. To assess the reduction of carbon emissions in the buildings built with low-carbon construction technologies and materials, therefore, this study estimated life cycle carbon emissions in reference buildings in which general construction materials are used and in low-carbon buildings. For this, the carbon emissions and their reduction from construction materials (especially concrete) between conventional products and low-carbon materials were estimated, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). After estimating carbon emissions from a building life cycle perspective, their reduction in low-carbon buildings compared to the reference buildings was reviewed. The results found that compared to conventional buildings, low-carbon buildings revealed a 25% decrease in carbon emissions in terms of the reduction of Life Cycle CO2 (LCCO2) per unit area. If diverse production technologies and sales routes are further developed for low-carbon construction materials, carbon emission reduction effects would considerably increase.

Using LCA to research carbon footprint for precast concrete piles during the building construction stage: A China study

Techno-economic evaluation of different hybridization schemes for a solar thermal/gas power plant

Purpose Reducing construction waste generation and carbon emission in the construction industry is crucial for the “dual carbon” goal. Evaluating the efficiency of reducing construction waste generation and carbon emission in the construction industry at the regional level is an important evaluation basis for the sustainable development of the construction industry. It provides a basis for formulating construction waste and carbon reduction policies tailored to local conditions and comprehensively promote the sustainable development of the construction industry. Design/methodology/approach A three stage SBM-DEA model based on non-expected outputs is proposed by combining the SBM-DEA model with the SFA method. The proposed model is used to evaluate the efficiency of construction waste and carbon reduction in the construction industry in 30 regions of China from 2010 to 2020. Moreover, the study explores the impact of environmental variables such as urbanization level, proportion of construction industry employees, resident consumption level, and technological progress. Findings From 2010 to 2020, the efficiency of construction waste and carbon reduction in China’s construction industry has been increasing year by year. Provinces with higher efficiency of construction waste and carbon reduction in the construction industry are mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas, showing an overall pattern of “East>West>Northeast>Middle”. There is a clear correlation between the level of urbanization, the proportion of construction industry employees, residents’ consumption level, technological progress, labor input, machinery input, and capital investment. The construction waste and carbon emission efficiency of the construction industry in various provinces is greatly influenced by environmental factors. Practical implications The research results provide policy makers and business managers with effective policies for reducing construction waste generation and carbon emission in the construction industry, especially circular economy policies. To provide empirical support for further understanding the connotation of construction waste and carbon reduction in the construction industry, to create innovative models for construction waste and carbon reduction, and to promote the multiple benefits of construction waste and carbon reduction in the construction industry, and to provide empirical support for countries and enterprises with similar development backgrounds in China to formulate relevant policies and decision-making. Originality/value The construction industry is a high investment, high energy consumption, and high pollution industry. This study uses the three stage SBM-DEA model to explore the efficiency of construction waste and carbon reduction in the construction industry, providing a new perspective for the evaluation of sustainable development in the construction industry, enriching and improving the theory of sustainable development.

The construction industry’s rapid expansion has brought various environmental challenges, such as greenhouse gases, specifically in terms of carbon emissions. Construction industry contributes more than half of the global greenhouse gas emissions, leading to climate change. This study aims to evaluate and compare the carbon emissions of two commonly used construction materials used in Malaysia, which are reinforced concrete and steel structure, applied to a four storeys commercial building. This research utilises a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to access the carbon emissions during both the construction and demolition phases. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is used to develop the structural models and perform quantity take-off to obtain primary data for the carbon emissions’ calculations of the reinforced concrete and steel structure. The study findings indicate that the reinforced concrete structure has carbon emission of 288.71 tCO2 while the steel structure emitted 32% less carbon of 196.49 tCO2 during the construction phase. In the demolition phase, the reinforced concrete structure produces 28.87 tCO2, compared to 19.65 tCO2 for the steel structure. This proved that steel structure has lower carbon emission compared to reinforced concrete. It is recommended that the construction industry in Malaysia should consider prioritising steel in materials selection and advocates for the adoption of eco-friendly alternatives, such as steel, in building design.

PurposeThe demand to reduce carbon emissions has become an increasingly important social factor due to the unprecedented impacts of climate change. However, most existing publications have focused on minimizing emissions during the operational phase of buildings. At the same time, there is a lack of comprehensive research conducted on carbon emissions, specifically during the construction phase. The purpose of this paper is to identify, review and classify current practices related to carbon emissions management in construction operations to gain greater insight into how to reduce and mitigate emissions and achieve more sustainable solutions.Design/methodology/approachThis study reviewed the published literature on carbon emissions from construction. A total of 198 bibliographic records were extracted from the Scopus collection database and analyzed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). PRISMA is used as a basis for reporting possible trends, research methods and strategies used in published literatures. A total of 99 papers related to carbon emissions in the construction operations were further reviewed and analyzed. This review paper draws on existing research and identifies current carbon management patterns in construction projects.FindingsData indicated an upward trend in the number of publications in carbon emissions research during the last few years, particularly in 2015, 2017 and 2019. The most significant contributions to the domain were reported from China, Europe and the USA. This paper found that most studies conduct the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method to estimate carbon emissions. This paper found that the primary studies have focused on construction machinery and equipment emissions. The strategies such as establishing uniform standards for carbon emissions policies and regulations, equipment and logistic planning and low carbon design material will potentially impact carbon emissions reductions.Practical implicationsThis paper provides information that will be beneficial for the construction industry to design and manage construction operations. It will also be of interest to those looking to reduce or manage construction emissions.Originality/valueAlthough there is a diversity of current thinking related to the practical estimation and management of carbon emissions in construction projects, there is no consolidated set of keys of standardized carbon emissions management in practice. By assessing the existing paradigms of carbon assessment methods and tactics in the construction industry, this study contributed to the existing knowledge base by providing insights into current techniques in the construction sector for monitoring and mitigating emissions.

Although many countries have the wish to assess the social impact, it is not clear how to evaluate societal quality, exclusively for basic and strategic research. Besides, it is very essential for a young researcher, engineer, and scientist to understand the importance of societal impact for research. The major contribution to infrastructure development and housing comes through the construction industry. However, due to extensive usage of natural resources as conventional materials in construction, they have led to a rise in environmental problems and a rise in cost of materials which has impact on social cost. Improper waste management causes the health impact rise due to environmental problem. Hence, it is important to translate the ideas to fill the gap between solid waste and construction industry through advancing the understanding of fundamentals and developing solutions to problems of social significance. Therefore, this study attempted to utilize industrial by-products (IP’s) to develop masonry products. In this research, the palm oil industry by-products such as palm oil clinker powder (POCP) was used as an example to address the social impact. The basic properties of POCP were investigated to meet the standard limit, and engineering performance was investigated to evaluate the masonry mortar containing POCP as cement replacement. Eventually, the reduction of carbon emission and cost were evaluated to assess the positive impact on society. The investigation results revealed that adequate engineering performance achieved by POCP incorporated masonry mortar. In addition, appreciable reduction of carbon emission (32%) and cost (20%) were noticed due to the incorporation of IP’s. Further, the landfilling was reduced by diverting IP’s that were utilized in masonry products. The new masonry mortar or masonry products can be used in masonry construction and can be used to alleviate the inadequate supply of affordable housing.

The construction industry is an important material production sector of the national economy, and trade in goods and services between different industrial sectors in different regions may result in the transfer of embodied carbon emissions from the construction industry. A systematic identification of the relationships and structural characteristics of the embodied carbon transfer in the construction industry is crucial for rationally defining the responsibility for emission reduction and scientifically formulating emission reduction policies to promote the effective promotion of China’s carbon emission reduction actions. Based on the calculation of input-output theory, this study constructs a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model of 31 provinces in China containing 28 industries to estimate the carbon emissions of the construction industry in 2017, it also combines the complex network theory to construct the industrial and regional embodied carbon transfer network of China’s construction industry, and calculates the network structure indexes to deeply explore the spatial transfer network structure characteristics of the embodied carbon transfer between regions of China’s construction industry in 2017. The results show that the construction, energy and building materials manufacturing sectors are at the core of the sectoral carbon transfer network structure, with strong network control. The embodied carbon transfer network between regions in the construction industry has a small-world character, more than 40% of all relevant regions have carbon transfer relationships with other regions, significant carbon emissions are transferred from the resource-rich, industrially well-endowed central-western and north-eastern provinces to the economically developed south-eastern coastal provinces. According to the results of the study, differentiated carbon emission reduction plans are formulated, and policy suggestions for optimizing the carbon emission reduction plan of the construction industry are put forward.

Faced with increasingly strict carbon emission control, high-emission enterprises need scientific and rational management systems and methods to strengthen carbon emission reduction management. Among the many management systems and methods, the carbon budget has become an effective emission reduction management tool, allowing the planning of carbon emissions and emission reduction activities and rational arrangement of economic inputs. However, judging from the research status and business practices in China and abroad, there is no general carbon budget system to guide the development of carbon emission and emission reduction activities. Based on this background, this paper first attempts to construct an enterprise carbon budget system comprising four sub-budgets: carbon emission, carbon emission reduction and cost, carbon emission rights trading, and carbon emission reduction net profit/loss. It draws on the idea of interactive control to consider the impact of changes in carbon prices, energy prices, and policy guidelines on carbon emission reductions and losses. A carbon budget management system based on interactive control is then constructed and applied to China National Aviation Holding Air China Group (AC Aviation). The research results show that the carbon budget system based on interactive control can dynamically adjust carbon emission reduction behavior based on changes in carbon and energy prices to make carbon budgeting a more viable carbon reduction tool and institutional arrangement.

Traffic carbon emissions have a non-negligible impact on global climate change. Effective estimation and control of carbon emissions from tourism transport will contribute to the reduction in the amount of global carbon emissions. Based on the panel data of Dunhuang in western China from 2010 to 2019, the process analysis method was used to estimate the carbon emissions from tourism traffic of Dunhuang. By establishing the Kaya identity of tourism traffic carbon emissions, the LMDI decomposition method was used to reveal the contribution of different factors to the change in tourism traffic carbon emissions. The results showed that the impact of tourism traffic carbon emissions was diversified; we found three main factors of promoting carbon emissions, namely the number of tourists, tourism expenditure per capita, and energy consumption per unit of passenger turnover. However, the contribution of tourism activities to GDP, passenger turnover per unit of GDP, and energy structure largely inhibited the increase in carbon emissions.

The construction of "zero-free cities" is an effective plan to achieve the carbon peak plan, reduce pollution and carbon emissions, and promote a circular economy. Based on the WARM model and Emission factor method, the total carbon emission reduction of solid waste sources and disposal in each field during the implementation of the zero-free city policy in Chongqing （2017-2021） was calculated, and the total carbon emission reduction of solid waste in each field in 2025 was predicted by scenario. The results showed that： ① After the implementation of cleaner production and green manufacturing policies in Chongqing, the generation intensity of general industrial solid waste decreased to 0.20 t·（104 yuan）-1 in 2021, and the carbon emission reduction in the industrial sector had been increasing since 2020. Due to the growth of the economy and living level, the per capita production of food waste, domestic waste, and e-waste increased, failing to reduce emissions at the source in these areas. In addition, the promotion of green food and organic agricultural products and the restriction of the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides could be strengthened to further reduce source emissions in the agricultural field. ② General industrial solid waste, construction waste, and straw were the key areas to achieve carbon emission reduction, and their carbon emission reductions were predicted to increase to 2 796.64×104, 538.54×104, and 99.07×104 t in 2021. Respectively, reducing the landfill volume in the above fields is the key to emission reduction. In the field of daily life, the collection and transportation of solid waste should be improved, the sorting process and disposal facilities should be refined, and the resource recycling rate should be improved to reduce its carbon emissions. Due to the improvement of the collection level and the application of straw feed and fertilizer, the carbon emission reduction of straw and agricultural film is generally rising, and the proportion of straw and livestock manure directly returned to the field should be reduced in the agricultural field, and the allocation of biomass disposal facilities to promote the co-disposal of the two may be the best means of carbon emission reduction. ③ In 2025, the predicted carbon emission reductions in Chongqing under the BAU scenario and the PLAN scenario were 2 289.78×104 and 2 750.31×104 t, respectively, indicating that the upgrading and transformation of local industries and the large-scale scale of the renewable resources industry have achieved good carbon reduction benefits. With the construction and improvement of various waste disposal facilities in 2025, the carbon emission reduction of the solid waste disposal process in various fields will continue to increase, but the carbon emissions of hazardous waste, municipal sludge, and livestock and poultry manure will still be in a state of growth due to the possible increase in total output in the future.

The Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration is an important energy exporting and high-end chemical base in China, and is an important source of carbon emissions in China. The early achievement of peak carbon emissions in this region is particularly crucial to achieving the national carbon emission reduction targets. However, there is a lack of multi-factor system dynamics analysis of resource-dependent urban agglomerations in Northwest China, as most studies have focused on single or static aspects of developed urban agglomerations. This paper analyses the relationship between carbon emissions and their influencing factors, constructs a carbon emission system dynamics model for the Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration, and sets up different single regulation and comprehensive regulation scenarios to simulate and predict the carbon peak time, peak value, and emission reduction potential of each city and urban agglomeration under different scenarios. The results show that: (1) Hohhot and Baotou are expected to reach peak carbon by 2033 and 2031 respectively, under the baseline scenario, while other regions and the urban agglomeration will not be able to reach peak carbon by 2035. (2) Under single regulation scenarios, the effect of factors other than the energy consumption varies across cities, but the energy consumption and environmental protection input are the main factors affecting carbon emissions in the urban agglomeration. (3) A combination of the economic growth, industrial structure, energy policy, environmental protection, and technology investment is the best measure to achieve carbon peaking and enhance the carbon emission reduction in each region as soon as possible. In the future, we need to coordinate the economic development, energy structure optimisation and transformation, low-carbon transformation of industry, strengthen research on carbon sequestration technology, and further increase the investment in environmental protection to make the Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration a resource-saving urban agglomeration with an optimal emission reduction.

As a major contributor to energy consumption and carbon emissions, the low-carbon transformation of the construction industry is crucial for China to achieve its established carbon-emission reduction targets. Therefore, a systematic analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution trends and key drivers of carbon emissions in the construction industry is an important reference for the formulation of emission reduction policies in the industry and the promotion of green and low-carbon development. This study first estimated carbon emissions from direct and indirect energy consumption in China’s construction industry. Spatial and temporal variations in emissions were then analyzed using spatial autocorrelation and kernel density methods. Furthermore, an improved logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition model, tailored to the characteristics of the construction industry, was applied to quantify the key driving factors. The results reveal that total carbon emissions follow an inverted U-shaped trend, with indirect carbon emissions—mainly from the production of cement and steel—being the dominant contributors. Emissions display a spatially uneven pattern: high in the east and south, low in the west and north, with the high-emission zone gradually expanding from the east to the central regions. Marked regional differences also exist in the evolution of emission intensity. Output intensity and energy intensity are identified as primary drivers of emissions, with their impact particularly prominent in the eastern region. These findings provide a quantitative basis and theoretical support for developing region-specific emission reduction policies, advancing the green and high-quality development of China’s construction industry.