A study of the eff ect of consuming zinc bislycinateenriched marmalade on the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals with SLC30A8 gene polymorphisms

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are often administered locally to inhibit the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby alleviating local pain. While GCs are known to exacerbate hyperglycemia, we previously reported changes in glucose levels following a single-dose dexamethasone injection in patients who did not have diabetes mellitus (DM). In patients without DM, blood glucose levels increased on the first day but were generally not critical. However, the exact changes in blood glucose levels due to GCs and the risk factors for blood glucose elevation in DM patients remain unclear. To measure changes in glucose levels following a single-dose dexamethasone injection in patients with DM and identify the risk factors for hyperglycemia. Cohort study. Gifu University Hospital, Japan. Fifty DM patients undergoing elective pulsed radiofrequency of the lumbar or sacral nerve root or radiofrequency of the lumbar medial branch of the posterior primary ramus were analyzed. Each patient received 0.1 mg/kg of dexamethasone and was subjected to interstitial glucose monitoring using a continuous glucose monitoring system. Hyperglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level >= 200 mg/dL. The area under the curve (AUC) for glucose levels >= 200 mg/dL was calculated. Risk factors for hyperglycemia were analyzed using an ordinal regression model, with AUC as the objective variable and 4 factors (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c], age, body mass index, and pre-procedure glucose levels) as explanatory variables. Nonlinear regression models were used to predict the blood glucose trends. Blood glucose levels increased immediately after the dexamethasone injections. The median (interquartile range) maximum glucose level was 328 (250-386) mg/dL, with a median time to peak of 592 (400-700) min. Among the 4 factors, age and HbA1c level were significant predictors of hyperglycemia (P = 0.035 and 0.023, respectively). Patients treated with insulin were predicted to have significantly higher blood glucose levels than those treated for DM with non-insulin medications or no pharmacological medications (P < 0.001). Firstly, GCs are metabolized by cytochrome p450 3A4, and medications that affect this pathway may alter the clearance of GCs. Some of our patients were taking medications that influenced the cytochrome pathway. Secondly, preoperative insulin management details (dosing, timing, and types) were not fully documented. Thirdly, stress-induced hyperglycemia could not be ruled out. Finally, patients' meal timing and caloric intake were not recorded. Patients with DM experienced significant hyperglycemia even after a single dose of dexamethasone. Age and HbA1c levels were risk factors for hyperglycemia. Higher preprocedural HbA1c levels, reflecting poorer daily glucose control, were associated with increased blood glucose levels.

This study aims to review the relationship between iron and zinc in diabetes mellitus and the effects of iron and zinc supplementation on changes in blood glucose levels. The results showed that diabetes mellitus was associated with low zinc levels and high levels of iron in body serum, as well as low iron levels in diabetes mellitus with iron deficiency anemia. Zinc supplementation in diabetes mellitus and iron in diabetes mellitus with iron deficiency anemia can reduce levels of fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c. Nutritional therapy with zinc and iron supplements can decrease blood glucose levels with results that are influenced by dosage and period of supplementation. Screening for iron deficiency anemia needs to be done in diagnosing diabetes mellitus and implementing nutritional therapy with biomarkers of blood sugar levels in serum.

Background: Hypertension and diabetes are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Effective interventions are therefore relevant in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension and diabetes. We set out to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on type-2 diabetic-hypertensive clients at a diabetes clinic in Accra.Method: Twenty-one participants were recruited from the National Diabetes Management and Research Center in Korle-Bu in Accra.Participants undertook 30 minutes of aerobic exercise comprising, warm up, ergonomic cycling and cool down, three times a week for a period of eight weeks. Fasting blood glucose and blood pressure levels were measured and changes with respect to exercise were analysed. The mixed model ANOVA was used to test for the differences in the weekly blood pressure and blood glucose levels while the paired t-test was used to compare the baseline and final readings of blood pressure and blood glucose levels. Pearson’s correlation test was used to determine the relationship between age and change in blood pressure and blood glucose levels after eight weeks of exercise.Results: Mean systolic blood pressure reduced from 142mmHg to 135mmHg while the mean diastolic blood pressure also reduced from 89mmHg to 84mmHg post exercises. The baseline and eighth week post exercise average blood glucose level were 8.0 mmol/L and 5.2 mmol/L respectively. There were significant differences in baseline and week eight systolic (p = 0.0017), and diastolic (p = 0.006) blood pressure as well as blood glucose (p=0.0027) levels. There was also a significant positive correlation between age and change in blood glucose level (p = 0.036).Conclusion: Aerobic exercise reduces the fasting blood glucose level and blood pressure in type-2 diabetic-hypertensives. Diabetic-hypertensives should therefore be encouraged to participate in aerobic exercises.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disorder that is associated with the imbalance of trace elements which are involved in many functions especially enzyme activities. Changes in the levels of serum elements probably can create some complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous experimental and clinical studies report that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and development of (T2DM). However, the exact mechanism of oxidative stress could contribute to and accelerate the development of (T2DM).&#x0D; The aim of this study contained the following sections: firstly, to determine some biochemical parameters in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) like lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondly, to determine serum and urine levels of zinc as trace element and serum level of iron, then to compare those parameters with that for age matched healthy individuals.&#x0D; The study performed on 45 Iraqi men, who attended Baghdad Teaching Hospital. They were grouped into to 2 groups based on fasting serum glucose (FSG), and (HbA1c) value first group was included 20 healthful persons with A1c &lt;6.4% as control non diabetic group, second group was included 25 patients with A1c&gt;6.4% as T2DM.&#x0D; Outcomes of this study demonstrated a clear increase in T2DM in fasting serum glucose, ( HbA1c), MDA values, urine concentration of zinc , and serum level of iron compare to control.T2DM shows a significant reduction in both TAC and serum level of zinc ,if compared with control group .&#x0D; Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Trace elements, Lipid peroxidation.

Introduction. The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in developed and developing countries has become a global health problem or disease in society. Therefore, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus can be prevented with regular exercise, healthy and regular life. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of foot exercise on the status of lower extremity sensory neuropathy and changes in blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Tanjunganom Public Health Center, Nganjuk Regency. Method. The design in this study was pre-experimental with a one group pre-posttest design approach, this study sought the effect of foot exercise on the status of lower extremity sensory neuropathy and changes in blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Tanjunganom Public Health Center, Nganjuk Regency, in this study involved 30 respondents with purposive sampling technique. This research was conducted on October 14-21, 2022. Result&amp;Analysis. From the results of the Wilcoxon test, it was found that after doing foot exercises, the sensory neuropathy status of the lower extremities in the right extremity was obtained value = 0.000&lt;0.05, besides that after doing leg exercises, changes in blood glucose levels were obtained value = 0.000&lt;0.05 this indicates that there was an effect of foot exercise on the sensory neuropathy status of the lower extremities and changes in blood glucose levels in people with diabetes mellitus 2. Discussion. Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus can applicate foot exercises to change lower extremity sensory status and blood glucose level.

Blood glucose level changes and risk factors for hyperglycemia after total knee arthroplasty in non-diabetic patients: A prospective, observational study.

Objective To investigate the changes in dendritic cell (DC) subsets in mice with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods A mouse model of diabetes was established through intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ) solution. At different time points after STZ treatment, changes in body weight and blood glucose level were observed. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to detect DC subsets, neutrophils, monocytes and CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in spleen and lymph nodes. Results STZ treatment led to weight loss and increase in blood glucose in mice. Ten days after STZ treatment, no significant difference in the percentages of DC subsets, neutrophils and monocytes in both spleen and lymph nodes was found between T1DM mice and normal controls. However, spleen volume in the mice treated by STZ significantly reduced, and the percentages of DC subsets in spleen decreased whereas the percentages of neutrophils and monocytes increased as compared with those of normal controls on 30 d and 60 d. Moreover, the percentages of DC subsets, neutrophils and monocytes in lymph nodes of STZ-treated mice were significantly lower than those of normal controls. Meanwhile, the percentage of CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells in lymph nodes but not in spleen was significantly upregulated as compared with that of normal controls. Conclusion Significant changes in DC subsets and other inflammatory cells in spleen and lymph nodes are observed in mice with STZ-induced diabetes, which reflects the changes in T cell responses and suggests that DC subsets might play an important role in the pathogenesis of T1DM. Key words: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; Dendritic cell; Regulatory T cell (Treg)

Towards a link between magnesium, exercise, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

A new atypical antipsychotic, brexpiprazole (Rexulti—Otsuka), hasreceived FDA approval as an adjunct treatment to antidepressantsfor major depressive disorder (MDD) and for the treatment of schizophrenia.According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, approximately6.7% of American adults−about 14.8 million people—live withMDD, and approximately 1.1% of American adults—about 2.4 millionpeople—live with schizophrenia. Therefore, there is a real need foreffective treatments for these conditions.

Background: Previous studies suggest a significant relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a lack of zinc. A lack of zinc can negatively impact insulin synthesis, storage, and secretion, leading to insulin resistance and inadequate glycaemic control. Nevertheless, the correlation between serum zinc levels and glycaemic control in T2DM has not been well studied in various populations.Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum zinc levels and glycaemic control, assessed by HbA1c, in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: This case-control study was carried out between April 2018 and July 2019 at Omdurman Teaching Hospital in Khartoum State, Sudan. The study included 100 participants: 50 were T2DM patients, and the other 50 were healthy individuals who served as controls. Serum zinc levels were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while HbA1c levels were evaluated with the Ichroma system. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, version 25. A comparative analysis was conducted on the groups, with correlation coefficients being calculated to investigate the correlations between age, serum zinc, and HbA1c levels.Results: The diabetics showed notably lower zinc levels in their blood compared to the control group, along with notably elevated HbA1c levels. In diabetic individuals, age correlated positively with HbA1c and serum zinc levels. Additionally, diabetic patients showed a significant inverse correlation between their serum zinc levels and HbA1c values.Conclusion: This research indicates that individuals with diabetes might exhibit decreased zinc levels in their bloodstream and that a connection could exist between age, zinc levels in the bloodstream, and HbA1c levels in these individuals. The results of this research may impact how diabetes mellitus and zinc deficiency are managed.

To evaluate the effect and possible mechanisms of diabetes control after small intestine exclusion surgery in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat with non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus. Forty GK rats with non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus underwent duodenal bypass (Group A, n = 8), which creates a shortcut for ingested nutrients bypassing duodenum alone; duodenal-jejunal bypass (Group B, n = 8), a stomach-preserving RYGB that excludes the duodenum and proximal jejunum; duodenum and total jejunum exclusion (Group C, n = 8); sub-total small intestine exclusion (Group D, n = 8), which creates a shortcut for ingested nutrients bypassing duodenum, jejunum and sub-total ileum; controls were pair-fed (PF) sham-operated and untreated GK rats (Group SO, n = 8). The rats were observed for 24 weeks after surgery. Body weight, food intake and fasting blood glucose level were tested at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 weeks after the operation in those groups. The concentrations of insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations were measured before (baseline) and then 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after OGTT at 0, 12, 24 weeks after the operation. Mean operating time of all groups was similar. The mean body weight and food intake decreased significantly at 1 week after surgery (P < 0.01) and with no differences among the groups. Fasting blood glucose level decreased significantly after surgery in all the operation groups through the entire follow-up period (P < 0.05). No significant changes in fasting blood glucose level in SO group was found in 12 weeks after the operation, and it increased at 12 and 24 weeks after. Fasting blood glucose levels in group B decreased significantly compared with group A (P < 0.05), but no difference was found among group B, C and D (P > 0.05). Oral glucose-stimulated peak (30 min) levels of blood insulin and GLP-1 increased markedly in operation groups (A, B, C and D) after surgery (P < 0.01). Compared with group A, peak levels of blood insulin and GLP-1 in group B were strikingly higher (P < 0.05), but no difference was found when compared with group C or D (P > 0.05). In spontaneously non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus rats, small intestinal exclusion including proximal gut is effective in terms of glucose control and has no direct relation with body weight and food intake loss. Restoration of the first-phase insulin secretion and high secretion of GLP-1 in type 2 diabetic subjects after gastrointestinal bypass surgery seem to be helpful to diabetes control. Taking intestinal nutrient absorption into consideration, duodenal-jejunal bypass may be a better surgery for diabetes control.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that requires a multifaceted approach to manage the disease, including lifestyle changes, medication, and monitoring blood glucose levels. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that plays a critical role in regulating insulin secretion, glucose metabolism, and immune function. Zinc supplementation may improve glycemic control and reduce oxidative stress in people with type 2 DM. Objectives: To determine whether zinc supplementation can enhance glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients by investigating the relationship between serum zinc levels and glycemic control. Methodology: 100 participants with type 2 DM were recruited from local DM clinics and hospitals to participate in the study. Fifty participants were assigned to the zinc supplementation group and fifty to the placebo group. At the beginning and conclusion of the 12-week study period, serum zinc, HbA1c, and fasting plasma glucose levels were measured using blood samples. Using the t-test and regression analysis, SPSS (version 23.0) was used to conduct statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 58.2 years, and the majority had a BMI greater than 25. There were no significant differences between the two categories in terms of participant characteristics.

To investigate how refraction and visual acuity may vary in patients with diabetes under routine care. Fifty-three eyes of 53 patients with various degrees of diabetic retinopathy were examined prospectively on four different occasions within a month. Refraction, best-corrected visual acuity (expressed as logMAR score) and blood glucose were measured on each occasion. Intraindividual variability was calculated as the range between the highest and lowest measurements. Associations between blood glucose levels and each of the other variables were tested by linear regression analysis for each patient. Refraction was completely stable in 43 patients and changed only slightly in 10, in whom the mean intraindividual variability of the spherical equivalent was 0.4 dioptres. Visual acuity test results were also highly reproducible. Mean intraindividual variability in visual acuity was 0.08 logMAR. Mean haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 7.3 ± 1.5% but individual blood glucose levels ranged from 2.8 to > 22.2 mmol/l. Intraindividual variability ranged from 0.5 to 18.1 mmol/l, with a median of 6.0 mmol/l for the entire group. There were no associations between refraction or visual acuity and blood glucose levels or inter- or intraindividual glucose variations. Refraction and visual acuity test results were highly reproducible and stable in patients with reasonably well controlled diabetes but variable blood glucose levels under routine care.

Background. Various trace elements contribute to the development of diabetes and its complications through their roles in glucose metabolism and the oxidative stress response. The aim of this study was to ascertain the difference in serum magnesium, zinc and iron concentrations between healthy children and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This study also aimed to determine whether serum concentrations of magnesium, zinc, and iron in children with T1DM correlated with the duration of the disease and the quality of glycemic control in this group. Material and methods. A total of 99 children with T1DM and 40 healthy children were included in this study. Magnesium, zinc and iron serum levels were assessed using the photometric method. Results. Significantly lower levels of magnesium and zinc (P < 0.001) were observed, between the T1DM group and the healthy control group but no statistically significant differences were found in iron levels (P = 0.13) between the two groups. While there were no statistically significant differences in serum concentrations with respect to the duration of disease, it was, however, discovered that children with poorer glycemic control had significantly lower serum zinc concentrations (P < 0.001) while magnesium and iron levels remained similar (P = 0.07 and 0.21 respectively). Conclusion. This study found that while there was no significant difference in iron serum levels in children with T1DM compared to healthy controls, children with T1DM did have more significantly decreased magnesium and zinc serum levels than the control group. Serum zinc levels in this study also directly correlated to poorer glycemic control. Further studies are required to explore whether magnesium and zinc supplementa­tion, or nutritional intake, could potentially be used to achieve better glycemic control in children with T1DM.

To assess the perceptions regarding basal bolus insulin injections and the changes in blood glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) before and after 3 months of such treatment in diabetic patients. Quasi-experimental study. Department of Endocrinology, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, from December 2014 to March 2015. A total of 222 diabetic patients started on basal bolus insulin injection were enrolled and asked to answer 17 questions. Those with complications of diabetes were excluded. Fasting blood glucose (FBS), random blood glucose (RBS) and HbA1c levels were checked initially, and after 3 months of getting basal bolus insulin. Paired t-test and chi-square test were used for determining p-value with significance at p < 0.05. Majority (n=217, 97.7%) of the patients were previously taking other insulins. Before starting this treatment, the mean FBS was 260.5 ±52.2 mg/dl, RBS was 385.5 ±47.61 mg/dl and HbA1c was 12.76 ±1.92%. After 3 months of treatment, FBS improved to 117.9 ±14.2 mg/dl, RBS was 156.7 ±17.09 mg/dl and HbA1c was 7.72 ±4.41% (p < 0.001). Two hundred and sixteen (97.3%) patients believed that basal bolus insulin was started as their diabetes worsened; 157 (70.70%) thought that their blood glucose control would improve with the use of this form of insulin. One hundred and ninety four (87.4%) had fear of needle injections. Perceptions regarding hypoglycemia with this form of insulin were observed in 157 (70.7%). One hundred and twenty seven (84.1%) of the females and 51 (71.8%) of the males thought that the basal bolus insulin regimen was too expensive (p=0.032). There were many misconceptions in patients who were started on basal bolus insulin. Marked improvement in blood glucose levels and HbA1c were observed after the use of this regimen.