A study of methods of carbon dioxide capture and sequestration––the sustainability of a photosynthetic bioreactor approach

A study of methods of carbon dioxide capture and sequestration??the sustainability of a photosynthetic bioreactor approach

Integrated Experimental and Modeling Studies of Mineral Carbonation as a Mechanism for Permanent Carbon Sequestration in Mafic/Ultramafic Rocks

With the extensive use of fossil fuels[1] since the advent of the industrial age, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted is also increasing dramatically, which has also led to a severe greenhouse effect[2]. The method of carbon capture and carbon sequestration[3] proposed in recent years is a good way to deal with too much carbon dioxide. However, Carbon Sequestration is a new idea without enough practice and verification, and its development is not perfect yet. This paper reviews six commonly used geological Carbon dioxide storage methods and compares the advantages and disadvantages of them. It can be concluded that hydrodynamic force sequestration is the most suitable, effective and promising method of Carbon sequestration[4]. This study aims to provide scientific suggestions and theoretical basis for the future development of carbon sequestration, and it also provides effective help and support for environmental protection.

Chapter 20 - Advances in carbon bio-sequestration

The fixation of carbon dioxide ( $$\hbox {CO}_{2})$$ is an important global challenge. A significant increase of the atmospheric $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ due to the industrial emissions and a steady increase in combustion of fossil fuels is a widespread environmental concern. This article is a short literature review on the recent developments in the field of $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ activation and fixation by bioinspired copper(II) catalysts. In our laboratory, copper(II) complexes of bidentate ligands have been reported as catalysts for the fixation of $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ . The molecular structure of one of the complexes has shown unusual trigonal bipyramid geometry ( $$\tau $$ , 0.936) by the coordination of two ligand units and a water molecule. All the complexes exhibited a well-defined Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox potentials around 0.352 to 0.401 V in acetonitrile. The rhombic EPR spectra of the complexes indicate the existence of a geometrical equilibrium between trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal at 70 K. The d-d transitions around 750–800 and 930–955 nm further supports five coordination geometry in solution. These copper(II) complexes have successfully fixed atmospheric $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ as $$\hbox {CO}_{3}^{2-}$$ by using $$\hbox {Et}_{3}\hbox {N}$$ as sacrificial reducing agent and afforded [ $$\hbox {Cu(L)CO}_{3}$$ ( $$\hbox {H}_{2}\hbox {O}$$ )]. The $$\hbox {CO}_{3}^{2-}$$ bound complex has shown a distorted square pyramidal geometry ( $$\tau $$ , 0.369) around copper(II) center via the coordination of only one ligand unit, a carbonate, and water molecules. The catalysts are active enough to fix $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ for eight repeating cycles without any change in the efficiency. The fixation of $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ possibly proceeds via the formation of Cu(I)-species. This is supported by X-ray structure, which reveals distorted tetrahedral geometry by the coordination of two units of ligand. SYNOPSIS The fixation of carbon dioxide ( $$\hbox {CO}_{2})$$ is an important global challenge. This review summarizes the recent developments in $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ fixation by bioinspired Cu(II) catalysts.

Predictions of increasing levels of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) and the specter of global warming have intensified research efforts to identify ways to sequester carbon. A number of novel avenues of research are being considered, including bioprocessing methods to promote and accelerate biosequestration of CO{sub 2} from the environment through the growth of organisms such as coccolithophorids, which are capable of sequestering CO{sub 2} relatively permanently. Calcium and magnesium carbonates are currently the only proven, long-term storage reservoirs for carbon. Whereas organic carbon is readily oxidized and releases CO2 through microbial decomposition on land and in the sea, carbonates can sequester carbon over geologic time scales. This proposal investigates the use of coccolithophorids - single-celled, marine algae that are the major global producers of calcium carbonate - to sequester CO{sub 2} emissions from power plants. Cultivation of coccolithophorids for calcium carbonate (CaCO{sub 3}) precipitation is environmentally benign and results in a stable product with potential commercial value. Because this method of carbon sequestration does not impact natural ecosystem dynamics, it avoids controversial issues of public acceptability and legality associated with other options such as direct injection of CO{sub 2} into the sea and ocean fertilization. Consequently, cultivation of coccolithophorids could be carried out immediately and the amount of carbon sequestered as CaCO{sub 3} could be readily quantified. The significant advantages of this approach warrant its serious investigation. The major goals of the proposed research are to identify the growth conditions that will result in the maximum amount of CO{sub 2} sequestration through coccolithophorid calcite production and to evaluate the costs/benefits of using coccolithophorid cultivation ponds to abate CO{sub 2} emissions from power plants.

An artificial Stony Coral Reef Building System (SCRBS) was proposed as a new method for carbon sequestration in coastal area. The SCRBS is a proprietary technology developed by the authors of the present study. There are three steps of this method: the wave energy was transferred into marine current energy; electric power was generated from this current energy; and the artificial stony coral reef was created by the synthetic action of dissolved carbon dioxide and calcium ion under the promoting effect of low electric current in the seawater. In the process of creating stony coral reef, the carbon dioxide both in the atmosphere above sea surface and in the seawater was absorbed and sequestrated or semi-sequestrated. This method was validated in indoor experiments under heavy polluted environmental conditions. The results show it is highly efficient in reduction of carbon dioxide content in coastal environments.

Greenhouse gas reduction and carbon sequestration are crucial strategies for addressing climate change. However, extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall and typhoons trigger soil erosion and landslides that severely impact the environment. These events not only release substantial greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and water bodies through large-scale collapses but also significantly delay ecosystem recovery and carbon sequestration processes. As climate change intensifies, the potential benefits of soil and water conservation engineering in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing carbon sinks have gained increasing attention. Check dams, as one of the key engineering structures for stabilizing sediment and preventing slope disasters, play a vital role in preventing large-scale landslides. While research on sediment stabilization mechanisms of check dams is well-established, studies on their organic carbon sequestration benefits remain limited. In particular, the temporal dynamics of carbon mechanisms are not well understood, making it difficult to provide solid scientific evidence for the carbon sequestration benefits of check dams.This study uses precipitation events as a baseline to investigate the effects of check dam engineering on soil carbon sequestration and explores the mechanisms of carbon flow and sequestration from watershed soil erosion to sediment deposition within check dams. The research methodology involves selecting watersheds with fragile geology susceptible to erosion for sample collection and analysis. By examining changes in sediment organic carbon content before and after precipitation events, we analyze the transformation and sequestration mechanisms of organic carbon during erosion and deposition processes. Furthermore, through precipitation event simulations, we quantify soil erosion rates in watersheds and assess carbon loss and retention during sediment deposition in check dams to establish a simple and feasible method for sampling and carbon sequestration calculation.The study aims to reveal the carbon sequestration benefits of check dams during sediment stabilization processes and, through baseline establishment, develop an economical and scientific method for estimating carbon sequestration capacity. This method can be applied to large-scale assessments of carbon sequestration benefits of check dam projects across different regions, providing new scientific perspectives and empirical evidence for the role of soil and water conservation engineering in climate change mitigation. This research not only helps deepen our understanding of the carbon sequestration benefits of check dams but also provides crucial references for policy formulation and engineering planning, further promoting the integration and implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.Keywords: Check dam, Carbon sequestration, Watershed management, Soil erosion

05/01268 A study of methods of carbon dioxide capture and sequestration — the sustainability of a photosynthetic bioreactor approach

Emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major contributor to global warming. Biofixation of CO2 by microalgae in photobioreactors seems to be a promising strategy for CO2 mitigation. The research to determine the overall mass transfer coefficient (kLa) has been done to find the way on biomitigation CO2 emission by using biologically Carbon Capture and Sequestration method. This research was conducted according to green microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus activity, which is cultivated in a bubble photobioreactor through the mass transfer process that assumed adequate mixing occurs. Flow rate of CO2 that supplied to the system were 2 L/min, 5 L/min and 8 L/min, when each rate flowed into the photobioreactor with high CO2 concentration (v/v) of 2%, 5% and 10%. The highest CO2 removal efficiency occurred at culture that supplied with an CO2-enriched air flow rate of 5 L/min. The kLa (CO2) value is the highest in 0.3582/day at 2% CO2 concentration and flow rate of 2 L/min, while the lowest is in 0.0503/day at 5% CO2 concentration and flow rate of 8 L/min. In terms of solubility is inversely proportional to the flow rate, the less carbon dioxide is dissolved at the rate of 8 L/min as well as the value of the kLa. The results showed that the variation of flow rate will affect the amount of mass transfer coefficient, growth rate and cell biomass. Higher flow rate decreases kLa value as well as CO2 removal efficiency.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption with aqueous amine solvents is a method of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) from flue gases. One concern is the possible release of amine solvents and degradation products into the atmosphere, warranting evaluation of potential pulmonary effects from inhalation. The CCS amines monoethanolamine (MEA), methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and piperazine (PIP) underwent oxidative and CO2-mediated degradation for 75 days. C57bl/6N mice were exposed for 7 days by inhalation of 25 ppm neat amine or equivalant concentration in the degraded mixture. The aqueous solutions were nebulized to create the inhalation atmospheres. Pulmonary response was measured by changes in inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and cytokine expression in lung tissue. Ames mutagenicity and CHO-K1 micronucleus assays were applied to assess genotoxicity. Chemical analysis of the test atmosphere and liquid revealed complex mixtures, including acids, aldehydes, and other compounds. Exposure to oxidatively degraded MEA increased (p < 0.05) total cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes compared to control mice and caused inflammatory cytokine expression (statistical increase at p < 0.05). MEA and CO2-degraded MEA were the only atmospheres to show statistical (p < 0.05) increase in oxidative stress. CO2 degradation resulted in a different composition, less degradation, and lower observed toxicity (less magnitude and number of effects) with no genotoxicity. Overall, oxidative degradation of the amines studied resulted in enhanced toxicity (increased magnitude and number of effects) compared to the neat chemicals.

The principal mechanisms for the geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide in deep saline formations include geological structural trapping, hydrological entrapment of nonwetting fluids, aqueous phase dissolution and ionization, and geochemical sorption and mineralization. In sedimentary saline formations the dominant mechanisms are structural and dissolution trapping, with moderate to weak contributions from hydrological and geochemical trapping; where, hydrological trapping occurs during the imbibition of aqueous solution into pore spaces occupied by gaseous carbon dioxide, and geochemical trapping is controlled by generally slow reaction kinetics. In addition to being globally abundant and vast, deep basaltic lava formations offer mineralization kinetics that make geochemical trapping a dominate mechanism for trapping carbon dioxide in these formations. For several decades the United States Department of Energy has been investigating Columbia River basalt in the Pacific Northwest as part of its environmental programs and options for natural gas storage. Recently this nonpotable and extensively characterized basalt formation is being reconsidered as a potential reservoir for geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide. The reservoir has an estimated storage capacity of 100 giga tonnes of carbon dioxide and comprises layered basalt flows with sublayering that generally alternates between low permeability massive and high permeability breccia. Chemical analysis of themore » formation shows 10 wt% Fe, primarily in the +2 valence. The mineralization reaction that makes basalt formations attractive for carbon dioxide sequestration is that of calcium, magnesium, and iron silicates reacting with dissolved carbon dioxide, producing carbonate minerals and amorphous quartz. Preliminary estimates of the kinetics of the silicate-to-carbonate reactions have been determined experimentally and this research is continuing to determine effects of temperature, pressure, rock composition and mineral assemblages on the reaction rates. This study numerically investigates the injection, migration and sequestration of supercritical carbon dioxide in deep Columbia River basalt formations using the multifluid subsurface flow and reactive transport simulator STOMP-CO2 with its ECKEChem module. Simulations are executed on high resolution multiple stochastic realizations of the layered basalt systems and demonstrate the migration behavior through layered basalt formations and the mineralization of dissolved carbon dioxide. Reported results include images of the migration behavior, distribution of carbonate formation, quantities of injected and sequestered carbon dioxide, and percentages of the carbon dioxide sequestered by different mechanisms over time.« less

Biomass waste in agricultural and forestry production has low value, large volume, disordered texture, high water content, and high recycling costs, disturbing its biomass waste treatment. In terms of mainstream treatment methods, incineration directly releases carbon dioxide, dust, and other pollutants, while landfills produce carbon dioxide and methane with stronger greenhouse effects. In response to this problem—taking pollution reduction, carbon sequestration, and the resource utilization of biomass waste as the purpose—a mode of in-situ, harmlessness, homogenization, reduction, automation, inorganic transformation, resource utilization, and carbon sequestration is proposed, which reduces recycling costs and improves economic efficiency and operability with carbonization as the key technique. The carbonization mechanism of biomass waste was first investigated using TGA analysis to obtain the key technical parameters of in-situ carbonization, and then biomass carbonization was divided into two stages: in-situ carbonization and factory carbonization. Thus, a process is constructed for in-situ crushing, carbonization, screening, and recycling, which promotes the recovery efficiency of biomass waste, including domestic waste. Moreover, on the basis of massive experiments, a carbon-based material was invented where, through wide applications in architecture, huge carbon can be stored in building materials; thus, a novel method of biomass waste resource utilization, carbon sequestration, and artificial carbon pool construction was established. Among them, with the convenient collection of biomass waste as the premise, the economic and reasonable carbonization process is a pivotal step to guarantee the wide application of carbon-based materials, and pollution reduction and carbon sequestration are the final purposes. This novel mode is conducive to saving resources and realizing carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals with significant economic, ecological, and social benefits. The novelty lies in five aspects. Firstly, differing from current research on pollution reduction, carbon reduction, and carbon balance, further research on carbon sequestration was proposed. Secondly, the feasibility of reducing re-emission through carbon transfer was demonstrated. Thirdly, in-situ carbonization to recycle biomass waste was constructed. Fourthly, through carbonization, the inorganic transformation of biomass waste avoided carbon re-emission, especially methane emissions. Last but not the least, carbonization products achieved carbon sequestration and constructed an artificial carbon pool.

Calcium oxalates are naturally occurring biominerals and can be found as a byproduct of some industrial processes. Recently, a new and green method for carbon capture and sequestration in stable calcium oxalate from oxalic acid produced by carbon dioxide reduction was proposed. The reaction resulted in high-quality weddellite crystals. Assessing the stability of these weddellite crystals is crucial to forecast their reuse as solid-state reservoir of pure CO2 and CaO in a circular economy perspective or, eventually, their disposal. The thermal decomposition of weddellite obtained from the new method of carbon capture and storage was studied by coupling in-situ high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis, in order to evaluate the dehydration, decarbonation, and the possible production of unwanted volatile species during heating. At low temperature (119–255 °C), structural water release was superimposed to an early CO2 feeble evolution, resulting in a water-carbon dioxide mixture that should be separated for reuse. Furthermore, the storage temperature limit must be considered bearing in mind this CO2 release low-temperature event. In the range 390–550 °C, a two-component mixture of carbon monoxide and dioxide is evolved, requiring oxidation of the former or gas separation to reuse pure gases. Finally, the last decarbonation reaction produced pure CO2 starting from 550 °C.

A new method of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) by sodium humate (HA–Na) and Ca(OH)2 from carbide slag (CS) solution was proposed. The effects of various operating parameters, such as the additive amount of HA–Na, pH, temperature, gas flow rate, CO2 inlet concentration, and stirring rate on both the Ca ion concentration and Ca conversion rate were investigated in a lab-scale bubbling reactor. The synergistic mechanism of HA–Na and Ca(OH)2 from CS on CCS is also put forward and demonstrated. The experimental results indicate that HA–Na may improve significantly the CCS capability of CS since the Ca conversion rate of CS is increased 10% by HA–Na additive. The pH is a key factor for the CO2 absorption process and HA–Na may lower the rate of pH decrease of Ca(OH)2 solution. The increasing temperature, stirring rate, and CO2 inlet concentration are favorable to CO2 capture, as well as low gas flow rate. Ca(OH)2 from CS mixed with HA–Na solution shows good performance in CO2 uptake, and the Ca conversion rate reaches 99% with 100 mL of Ca(OH)2 (1.5 g/L) solution mixed with 0.1 g HA–Na at 40 °C, a gas flow rate of 0.1 L/min, and an inlet CO2 concentration of 100% at ambient pressure. Moreover, calcite CaCO3 is is identified as the main product of CO2 capture by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis.