Abstract
Multiple plant diseases seriously threaten agricultural productivity due to their wide exchange of material goods. Among the major threatening diseases, Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker (KBC), caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), poses a significant threat to kiwifruit plant health and fruit yield. This review evaluates the current strategies for sustainable KBC management, emphasizing the most reliable tools and practices while identifying limitations and potential future threats. In the era of precision agriculture, breeding techniques have developed kiwifruit cultivars with enhanced disease tolerance, showing considerable success in controlling the pathogen. However, as Psa continues to evolve, there is an urgent need for more effective and eco-friendly approaches. Notably, peptides and phages have emerged as the most promising strategies, demonstrating superior efficacy in laboratory and field settings. Plant elicitors, beneficial microbes, and advancements in early detection tools, such as hyperspectral imaging and forecast models, are also explored. The role of plant secondary metabolites, essential oils, and microbial secretions is also discussed, though these show varied success. Ultimately, integrating advanced detection technologies with peptide- and phage-mediated control strategies offers the most promising pathway to safeguarding future crop yield stability.
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