A Statistical Study of Migration Patterns in Rural Areas of Uttarkashi District of Uttarakhand

The purpose of this study to determine the impact of the presence of Coconut Flour Industry (PT. Global Coconut) to the community in the Radey Village. This research was carried out on members of the village community Radey as respondents. Total respondents 32 people consisting of workers in the industry (25 persons), who did not work in the industry that ordinary members of community (5 persons) and community leaders (2 persons). The study lasted for 3 months from September to November 2016. The sample selection using snowballing method. Types of data collected in this study are primary and secondary data. Primary data is data obtained by direct interview to the respondents. Secondary data is obtained from the Village Office. The data collected concerning Identity Respondents, namely: (1) Name of Respondent, (2) age, expressed in units of years, (3) Level of education, measured by educational level already attained (elementary, junior high, high school, diploma, and University). Data regarding positive or negative impact of the presence of Industry on the community in the village of Radey regarding: (1) Income received before and after working in the company, (2) employment opportunities, (3) business opportunities. The analytical method used in this research is descriptive analysis method qualitative and quantitative modest presented in tabular form. The results of this research showed that the presence of PT Global Agro-Industry Plant in the Radey Village has gave positive and negative impacts for rural communities in the form of increases in income, employment and business opportunity, the new procurement of agricultural roads better and their support for the national celebration activities in the village. The negative impact of such a foul odor had happened only when the management of the rest of the selection in the form of broken coconut and waste production is not done well.Keywords: impact, agro-industry, community, village Radey, South Minahasa District

Immigration and labour market outcomes in Australia: Findings from HILDA 2001–2014

Background Health literacy, defined as all skills and capabilities that enable a person to access, understand, appraise and apply health information, is a key factor regarding disease management, health outcomes, and health-decision-making. Internationally, migrants have been identified as a high-risk group for limited health literacy. However, it remains unclear if female and male migrants process health information differently. This systematic review aims to analyze gender differences in the health literacy of first and second generation migrants. Methods We performed a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched OVID (MEDLINE), PsychInfo and CINAHL for original articles providing extractable data on the health literacy of male and/or female migrants. Two reviewers independently reviewed abstracts and full text articles for according to predefined inclusion criteria, including the use of a validated health literacy measurement tool, applying it to first and/or second generation adult migrants. We adapted a data extraction sheet from the Cochrane Collaboration for extracting relevant data. The included studies were evaluated against a standardized set of quality criteria. Results Our search yielded 3411 records. We included 48 studies, of which 37 were conducted in the USA and Canada, with 22 focusing Hispanic and Asian immigrants’ functional health literacy; the nine European studies examined a variety of work migrants and refugees using a comprehensive approach (e.g. measured by the HLS-EU-Q47). Thus, a strong heterogeneity in defining and measuring health literacy and in the populations examined can be stated. 15 studies exclusively examined the health literacy of women; none dealt with men only. Conclusions The heterogeneity in defining and measuring health literacy in migrants as well as the diversity of the populations studied make it difficult to compare international research in this area. There is a lack of research focusing male migrants. Key messages International research on health literacy with gender-specific data on migrants reveals a strong heterogeneity in defining and measuring health literacy. International research on health literacy with gender-specific data on migrants reveals a lack of studies regarding male migrants’ health literacy.

Poverty is a longstanding developmental challenge in Lao PDR. Periodic studies suggest that migration and subsequent remittances play a crucial role in households’ livelihoods. This study examines the impact of migration and remittances on household income and poverty incidence in Lao PDR by focusing on gender-specific differences. Using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to control for selection bias, the analysis compares migrant households with non-migrant households and households receiving remittances with those not receiving remittances. The results indicate that migration significantly enhances household income, with households with migrants seeing an average income increase of 2.9 million Kips over households without migrants. Gender analysis shows households with female and male migrants experience income increases of approximately 2.5 and 2.9 million Kips, respectively, compared to households without migrants. Remittances also have a strong positive effect on household income, with recipient households experiencing an average increase of 4.3 million Kips. Remittances from female migrants contribute even more significantly, with an average increase of 4.6 million Kips, compared to 4.0 million Kips from male migrants. In terms of poverty reduction, migration was associated with a 2.55% points decrease in poverty incidence. Households with female migrants experience a larger reduction in poverty, 5.27% points, compared to household without migrants. Remittances also play a crucial role in reducing poverty, with a 3.71% points overall reduction and a more pronounced 7.39% points reduction from female migrants’ remittances. Gender-specific analysis revealed that households with female migrants experience a 6.90% points reduction in poverty incidence compared to those with male migrants. Households receiving remittances from female migrants experience an additional income increase of 2.2 million Kips and a 7.73% points reduction in poverty. These findings underscore the importance of gender in understanding the economic impact of migration and remittances, particularly the significant contribution of female migrants to household well-being and poverty reduction.

Background: Recent trends show an unprecedented feminisation of migration in China, triggered by the increasing demand for cheap labour in big cities and the availability of women in the labour market. These trends corroborate the evidence that non-agricultural work and remittance from urban labour migrants have become the major sources of rural household income. Objective: This paper investigates the extent of gender inequalities in job participation and wage earning among internal labour migrants in China. We hypothesize that female migrants in cities are economically more disadvantaged than male migrants in the job market. Methods: We use data from the 2010 National Migrant Dynamics Monitoring Survey conducted in 106 cities representing all 31 provinces and geographic regions. The study applies the standard Heckman two-step Probit-OLS method to model job participation and wage-earning, separately for 59,225 males and 41,546 females aged 16-59 years, adjusting for demographic and social characteristics and potential selection effects. Results: Female migrants have much lower job-participation and wage-earning potential than male migrants. Male migrants earn 26% higher hourly wages than their female counterparts. Decomposition analysis confirms potential gender discrimination, suggesting that 88% of the gender difference in wages (or 12% of female migrant wage) is due to discriminatory treatment of female migrants in the Chinese job market. Migrants with rural hukou status have a smaller chance of participation in the job market and they earn lower wages than those with urban hukou, regardless of education advantage. Conclusions: There is evidence of significant female disadvantage among internal labour migrants in the job market in Chinese cities. Household registration by urban and rural areas, as controlled by the hukou status, partly explains the differing job participation and wage earning among female labour migrants in urban China. Comments: Female migrants have higher opportunity costs and family constraints to participate in job market than male migrants. Higher job participation among male migrants suggests that men face stiff competition for jobs in cities and are more likely to accept jobs with a lower wage offer.

This study examines some aspects of rural urban migration in Botswana, focusing in particular on Gaborone, the capital. Models are specified that relate age grouping, sectoral income differential, government employment and time to male and female migration. Econometric models were based on published data. The study indicates that there is a positive relationship between migration and central government employment, expressed as a proportion of total formal employment. The differential between agricultural and average non‐agricultural income, especially for male migrants, is also positively related to migration. The results show that with time, male and female migration to Gaborone is likely to increase. Male migration is positively related to arable crop cultivation, whereas female migration has an adverse effect on it. Neither has any significant influence on harvested crop area in Botswana

According to the 2003 ILO report, female migrants constitute nearly 51 percent of all migrants in developed countries and about 46 percent of all migrants in developing countries. The global presence of women in migration is also reflected in the increase of women using what have been male dominated migration streams (UN World Survey 2004). Skilled migration flows in New Zealand is important to the Department of Labour’s goal of building New Zealand’s workforce and attracting (and retaining) top talent in New Zealand to contribute to New Zealand’s economic transformation. This paper looks at trends in the proportion of female and make principal applicants who have migrated to New Zealand through the General Skills and Skilled Migrant Category from 1997/98 to 2005/06. It also examines changes in source countries of these female migrants and examines gender differences in outcomes for skilled migrants. From 1997 /98 to 2001/02 the number of female and male migrants entering New Zealand through the skilled categories increased exponentially. Although the proportion of female to male migrants for the skilled categories is low (1:2) throughout the 1997/98 to 2005/06 period, the number of women to men from certain source countries (for example, China, Philippines and Japan) increased or remained high during this period. Results from the Department of Labour’s Settlement Experiences Feedback Survey (survey sent to Skilled/Business stream migrants) shows that while the majority of both female and male principal applicants were employed (94%) there are substantial differences in occupation, industry and incomes between female and male skilled migrants. This paper shows that there is huge diversity of flows by gender and nationality. However, the data show that overall women are critical players in the migrations process and are a significant component of skilled migrants in New Zealand. Gender differences need to be considered when developing policies or programmes to attract skilled migrants as well as with their successful settlement.

Vulnerabilities and risks of HIV infection among migrants in the Thane district, India.

BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major global public health issues. Migrants represent a vulnerable group that faces multiple barriers to access to healthcare services, including HIV/STI testing. This study aimed to assess the factors associated with access to HIV/STI testing in male and female Venezuelan migrants in Peru.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study involving secondary data analysis of the 2022 Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru Survey. The study was conducted in the eight most populated cities inhabited by Venezuelan migrants and refugees. For each city, the sampling design was probabilistic, stratified, and independent. The outcome variable was whether participants had access to HIV or other STI testing during their stay in Peru. Statistical analysis was stratified by sex owing to potential effect modification. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated using generalized linear models Poisson family with log link function. Confidence intervals were calculated to 95%.ResultsA total of 3,723 male and 3,984 female migrants were included. Access to HIV/STI testing among male and female migrants was 19.85% and 25.16%, respectively. Among male migrants, being LGBTI, health insured, and married or cohabiting were associated with increased access to HIV/STI testing. Among females, those aged 18–44 years, those who were married or cohabiting and were health insured, and those residing for more than 1 year in Peru were significantly more likely to have access to HIV/STI testing. Moreover, physical/mental disability and unemployed status were associated with a lower probability of HIV/STI testing in females.ConclusionsOnly two in ten Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Peru were screened for HIV/STI, with fewer males than females. Sex-specific sociodemographic, health-related, and migration-related variables were independently associated with access to HIV/STI testing.

In this article, we examine whether the causes and patterns of Mexican rural female migration differ significantly from rural male migration. A number of hypotheses are discussed to explain why female migration may differ from male migration, with a particular emphasis on the role of migrant networks. Using data from a national survey of rural Mexican households in the ejido sector, significant differences between the determinants of male and female migration are found. While evidence suggests that networks play an important role in female migration, we find that, contrary to case study evidence, female networks are not more influential than male networks in female migration. In fact, female and male networks are found to be substitutes, suggesting they serve similar functions in female migration. Although female migrant networks do not play a special role in the female migration decision, the destination of female migrants is strongly influenced by the location of female network migrants.

Globally, the share of women among international labour migrants has risen dramatically in the past several decades, but in many patriarchal settings with traditionally high levels of men’s out-migration the levels of women’s migration remain low. Using data from a nationally representative survey conducted in one such setting, Armenia, I examine public perceptions of various consequences of migration with what I define as a double-gendered analytic lens: looking at female and male migration through women’s and men’s eyes. The statistical tests find that overall female migration tends to be assessed more negatively than male migration, but they also point to instructive gender differences in such assessments. Thus, in general, men tend to see female migration more negatively and male migration more positively, compared to women. Yet, while this gender divide is consistently present in views on various consequences of male migration, it is not statistically noticeable in views on the effects of female migration on family duties and relationships or on sexual matters after controlling for other factors. These patterns illustrate the gendered complexity of public attitudes toward international labour migration and help to understand its dynamics and prospects in this and similar migrant-sending contexts.

This study is based on a cross-sectional sample of 459 Sikh adults, male and female, from three castes representing three levels of socioeconomic affluence. The sedentes group stayed all their lives in the native state of Punjab, India; the migrant group completed their active physical growth in the Punjab and left for the UK at around 20 years of age. The pattern of stature, weight, BMI and skinfolds in both groups reflects their level of socioeconomic affluence in their native Punjab. In the migrants, the caste differences in the mass measures largely disappear, but the differences in the skeletal dimensions remain. Both male and female migrants are heavier than their sedente counterparts and the male migrants have substantially higher amounts of subcutaneous fat. The change in weight, BMI and skinfolds in the migrants is inversely proportional to the original values of these variables in the native settings. Male sedentes and migrants are not statistically significantly different in stature, but the female migrants are taller than their sedente peers in all three castes. In a multivariate analysis, caste remains the most significant factor in the skeletal variables; in the mass characters, both caste and migration are statistically significant factors; age explains very little of the variation.

The labor market performance of migrants relative to natives has been widely studied but its gender dimension has been relatively neglected. Our paper aims at revisiting labor market convergence between migrants and natives and examining this dimension in a comprehensive study of the EU-15 countries and Switzerland over the period 1999-2018. We measure convergence of labor market outcomes, such as employment probability, for male and female migrants to similar natives before and after the Great Recession and across countries of destination. Our results show that in most countries female migrants start with a larger employment gap but converge more rapidly than male migrants do. We also provide an overview of the correlation between potential factors such as economic conditions, labor market structures, institutions and attitudes towards migrants and women and employment convergence of male and female migrants. While we do not identify very significant correlations at the national level, we find a strong correlation between attitudes towards migrants and their employment convergence across sub-national regions.

This article explores patterns of remittance sending among male and female migrants from Mexico to the United States, and patterns in the use of remittances among receiving households in Mexico. It also identifies variables that determine remittance sending and saving behaviors in migrants’ most recent U.S. trip. Results reveal gendered differences in the investment and consumption strategies adopted by families in communities of origin. Despite marked differences in the capacity of women to generate remittances and savings compared with men, patterns of remittance use by families in communities of origin are not substantially distinct, though female migrants are more likely to send remittances for investments in human capital than male migrants. In addition, remittances and savings sent by male migrants are more likely to be used in housing improvements and investments in productive capital than those sent by women. These differences do not necessarily reflect migrants’ preferences, but mirror the sociocultural contexts in which decision-making about remittances, savings, and spending take place.

This article examines the role of migrant social networks in international migration and extends prior research by testing the strength of tie theory, decomposing networks by sources and resources, and disentangling network effects from complementary explanations. Nearly all previous empirical research has ignored friendship ties and has largely neglected extended-family ties. Using longitudinal data from the Migration between Africa and Europe project collected in Africa (Senegal) and Europe (France, Italy, and Spain), this article tests the robustness of network theory-and in particular, the role of weak ties-on first-time migration between Senegal and Europe. Discrete-time hazard model results confirm that weak ties are important and that network influences appear to be gendered, but they do not uphold the contention in previous literature that strong ties are more important than weak ties for male and female migration. Indeed, weak ties play an especially important role in male migration. In terms of network resources, having more resources as a result of strong ties appears to dampen overall migration, while having more resources as a result of weaker ties appears to stimulate male migration. Finally, the diversity of resources has varied effects for male and female migration.