A Smart Building Design using Cyber-Physical System Modeling

This paper describes a prototype implementation of ADS-B in an air-to-air surveillance system. This air surveillance system was defined for an experimental project on future civilian air traffic management, which imposes new requirements over both air and ground surveillance systems. In this paper the relation between the different airborne and ground systems related to air surveillance is detailed, and the air surveillance and its algorithms are described. It is related with current ADS-B and TIS-B proposals, and defined as an extension of those systems. Finally, performance of the air surveillance is detailed, based on simulated scenarios, and some conclusions for future enhancements of ADS-B function are derived.

This article presents the results of the energy diagnosis carried out in a company in the segment of metallurgy and commercialization of metals with personalized cuts. This diagnosis has the main objective of evaluating the conditions of electrical installations, equipment, general infrastructure, lighting and air conditioning systems, in addition to the behavior and awareness of employees regarding the efficient use of energy. The survey of the data was carried out through a technical visit and application of questionnaires with the company's employees, which helped to understand the ‘culture’ of electricity use, as well as the policies, existing or not, of consumption adopted by the company. Another aspect of the questionnaire aims to obtain data on the equipment used that makes it possible to technically evaluate them. Along with the application of the questionnaire, a visual analysis of the equipment and electrical installations was also carried out, making the written record, in order to provide a better basis for the diagnosis. The results showed that the company's lighting system is undersized, according to the measurements made with the lux meter and that most of the lamps used are fluorescent, which are less efficient when compared to LED lamps. In this sense, there is a concern of the company, since in some environments the lamps have already been replaced by others with this technology. With regard to air conditioning, there are some oversized environments, so that the company could obtain savings if it used the appropriate air conditioning unit. As for awareness, it was found that there is a need to systematize and formalize the actions to obtain the benefits with the implementation of energy conservation actions, the implementation of a CICE is suggested.

The electricity is very important to support activities in office building .The equipment like AC ( Air conditioning ) needs more electricity to be operated. The is almost 60% is use to support this system (AC). This percentage describe that air condition system is an equipment that needs more electricity in the office and its become inefficiency in using electricity. To take overcome for this problem we need to efficiency in using energy. One of the method that now used to efficient that energy is called “ energy conversation” This method is using to saving the energy There is one thing that must be done in this activity which is “ energy audit “. Audit energy is one of method calculate IKE ( Intension Consumption Energy) at on the building.The first preliminary audit shown that more energy, which 60% is use to operated the air conditioning (AC) system and 30% to operate lighting system. IKE for the lighting system is still below from maximum standard which is 15 watt/m²The opportunity of saving energy on audit energy in AC system is done by cleaning up consist of : cleaning up filter, propeller corner fin of the evaporator, and the grill of in door unit.

An activity of conservation for an old historical building has become an important issue nowadays in Indonesia, particularly in Jakarta. One of the concepts is by implementing the concept of a smart building into an old historical building using a concept which could maintain economically and financially. Some old historical buildings within Jakarta have been revitalized with a new function which is known as an adaptive reused concept. Although, this concept has been regarded not effectively implemented to reduce energy consumption. To solve this problem, this research will deliver an alternative solution by introducing the application of smart building concept within an old historical building using automatic control system. This system will cover the air conditioning and lighting system within the building. This research will conduct a comparative method from some precedent studies and will use an inductive approach. At the final phase, this research will provide a solution design by simulating the using of an automatic control system within an old historical building.

This study evaluated the feasibility of building renovation with regard to the aspects of economy and energy. An academic building located in Bangkok, Thailand was selected for a case study. Four sub-systems, namely, the building envelope, lighting system, air conditioning unit, and electrical system, were renovated. From the energy perspective, Thailand’s Building Energy Code was used as an evaluating standard, and the BEC software (Version 2.6.0) was employed for the calculations. The economic feasibility of the renovation was determined on the basis of the internal rate of return and discounted payback period. It was demonstrated that the renovation can result in a reduction in the annual energy consumption of the entire building by up to 55.44%. In regards to economic feasibility, the renovation project can achieve a payback period of 4.98 years with 20.89% IRR. In addition, the renovation of a building can lead to spare capacity of the transformer for electric vehicle charger loads. Thus, the renovation of an old building into an energy-efficient building in compliance with building code can afford benefits both in terms of electricity consumption reduction and decreased energy cost for the project owner and provide opportunity for the building to support future load.

This study presents a risk management of the electric energy consumption in Nakhonratchasima industrial, case study in Thai Sanguan Cassava Starch Co.,Ltd. by AS/NZS 4360:2004 risk management standard. The objective of this study is to reduce the risk of electric energy consumption. Based on the risk inspection, the impact analysis of electric energy consumption is applied to manage an occasion risk. The analyzed risks are consumption risks and device risks. The consumption risks are load factor, the ratio of electric energy consumption to production unit and power consumption of each unbalance phase. The device risks are an efficiency of machinery and equipment, water pump usages, lighting system and air condition system. The results show that the use of machinery and equipment is the highest risk. Load factor, the ratio of electric energy consumption to production unit and water pump usages are ranged in medium risk level, while each phase of electric energy consumption, lighting system and air condition system are in low risk level. As a priority result, machine maintenance is an initial management to decrease the electric energy consumption. For reducing the electric energy demand, work schedule has been rearranged to enlarge the load factor. Operator controlling will reduce the ratio of electric energy consumption to production unit. The inverter, which is used to control motor in water pump usages, also reduce the risk of electric energy consumption. Finally, the low impact factor from lighting and air condition system are neglected.

Blockchain technology is evolving across the globe and is being looked upon as a definite part of the future. Blockchain is often associated with bitcoin and finance’s domain. But over the last decade, this backend technology to bitcoin has spread its association in almost all domains that we can think of. Further to this, smart contracts are making the blockchain ecosystem better. Other evolving technologies like Internet-of-things, Industrial Internet-of things, Cyber physical systems are also making their onset on the global platform. Smart buildings link Internet of-things connectivity, sensors and the cloud to remotely supervise and assure efficient heating- air conditioning, lighting and security systems etc to improve efficiency and overall sustainability. The global buildings sector over the next 40 years is expected to add 230 billion square meters of fresh construction, i.e., adding the equivalent of Paris every week. Thus integrating these technologies right at the onset, before they grow in isolation, is a coveted need today. This paper proposes a prototype to simulate architecture and discusses how blockchain-enabled smart buildings can further expedite automation, security and transparency. For an apprehension purpose, the paper focuses on smart contracts enabled repairs and service in smart buildings.

A Review on Solar Powered Air Conditioning System

Ground performance of air conditioning and water recycle system for a Space Plant Box.

The introduction of daylight can improve buildings’ energy efficiency and bring benefit to occupant satisfaction. However, the introduction of daylight may accompany with excessive heat. Properly counterbalancing the energy consumption of air conditioning and lighting systems owing to the entry of daylight is a critical control target of dynamic shading adjustment in cooling season. Most dynamic shading control strategies in use only consider one single system. Additionally, for advanced control mode like performance-based control, the predictive model usually only examines the instantaneous effect of energy performance to determine the shading adjustment state, unable to quantify the overall influence of shading adjustment state on building energy consumption. In order to address this issue, special consideration is given to calculating the cumulative contribution of heat gains to cooling load in this study. An overall energy-efficient shading control metric is proposed and used as basis to develop optimized dynamic shading control strategy. An application example demonstrates that the SGR-Optimal control strategy can further save energy by 21.8% ~ 38.8% when compared to the Rule-based control strategy, thus allowing a better exploration of the energy efficiency potential of daylight measure.

In Indonesia the number of high-rise buildings above 150 m tends to increase, according to CTBUH (Council on tall building and urban habitat) in 2018 there are 85 buildings and those that are under construction are 26 buildings, Super tall buildings with a height above 300 meters are 4 buildings and proposed mega tall building with a height of more than 600 meters is 1 building. All these buildings have very large electrical loads. The percentage of electricity consumption in the building that is the object of research is 30-50% coming from the Ventilation & Air Condition (VAC) system, 20% - 30% lighting systems, 10% computers and the rest from other utilities. Several papers and journals discussing the simulation or feasibility study of micro-hydropower plants in high-rise buildings have not yet been discussed how to utilized kinetic energy from the working scheme of the water condenser pump in the VAC system. in general, the existing papers discuss how to utilized gravity potential energy through the working scheme of the building’s clean water tank which is on the roof (rooftop) when distributing water which is not optimal because of the flow of water from the clean water system is not continuous or steady-state. Research Object by taking a case study of a high-rise building in Jakarta with a height of 157 meters. The data was taken from the report on utility use for the 2018 period in the building. From the simulation, the potential of water flow rate (Q) is 0.499 m3 / sec and the electrical power that can be generated (P) is 733.83 kW and this is a Micro-hydro Power Generation category. Economic analysis for building energy savings of Rp. 541,765,714.29 / month and finally roughly Return on Investment (ROI) can be achieved in 3 years and 6 months.

In order to save power resources and realize the rational use of home lighting and air conditioning, this paper studies a wireless monitoring system for home lighting and air conditioning based on ZigBee technology. The system uses the CC2530 development board to organically integrate ZigBee technology, sensor detection technology, wireless communication technology, and control technology to realize the switch of indoor lights and intelligent adjustment of air-conditioning temperature. Experimental tests show that the design has many advantages such as simple structure, reliable performance, energy-saving, and environmental protection, and achieves the purpose of saving resources and manpower and material resources.

Performance analysis of different air conditioning systems in apartment buildings under different climates in China

This study presents a new trend of natural and mixed refrigerants as the ideal refrigerants, environmentally friendly and an ideal solution to the problems of ozone-depleting substances and the surrounding environment. HFC refrigerants are presently the main swap for CFC and HCFC refrigerants in air-conditioning systems. During this period of time much consideration has been paid to the conceivable utilize of fluorinated propene isomers for the substitution of HFC liquids, being much of the time high-GWP refrigerants. However, the available hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) can't cover all the refrigeration and air-conditioning systems when utilized as pure fluids this because the properties are not reasonable for all working conditions. In this paper analyses the behavior of different new trends in the natural and mixed refrigerants. In chillers, R1234ze(E) can considerably reduce CO2 final emissions, as well as, R1234ze(E) is a good option in air conditioning and refrigeration systems.

Energy audit is a technique used to determine the amount of energy use in a buildingand to find various energy-saving solutions or opportunities. In this study, the energy audit wasconducted at PT. Graha Sarana Duta II Denpasar which is located on Jl. Serma Gede No. 13,Dauh Puri Klod, Denpasar. Based on the existing conditions, the level of Energy ConsumptionIntensity (IKE) obtained before the audit was carried out was 245.22 kWh/m2/year or 20.43kWh/m2/month which according to ESDM No. 13/2012, Air-conditioned buildings are in thewasteful category. In this study, the energy audit focuses on the lighting system and airconditioning system. The method used in this research is to calculate and analyze theconsumption of electrical energy in the lighting system and air conditioning system. After doingthe research, it can be seen the energy saving opportunities (PHE) in PT. Graha Sarana Duta IIDenpasar by replacing the TL and SL lamps using LED lamps and requiring room users to turnoff the air conditioner when the room is not in use, the result is savings 11,4% in electricalenergy use, where the IKE after the audit is 18.1 kWh/m2/month. The office can also save thecost of using electrical energy, which is Rp. 3,170,394,- every month.