Abstract
SUMMARY (1) A model of combined parasitism in the spruce needleminer, Epinotia tedella (Cl.) is proposed. It covers the effect of two primary parasitoids, Pimplopterus dubius (Hgn.) and Apanteles tedellae Nix., a cleptoparasitoid, Campoplex cursitans (Hgn.), and a hyperparasitoid, Mesochorus silvarum Curt. The analysis of field data makes use of the log killing power/log parasitoid density relationship, and thereby, indirectly, the pseudo-interference submodel of parasitism. (2) The impact of individual species is analysed by means of computer simulations. The
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