Abstract
Taking Wuhan Yellow Crane Tower tunnel as the prototype, a series of reduced-scale experiments and numerical simulations were carried out to study the tunnel fires’ confinement velocity. Using theoretical analysis, model experiment, and numerical simulation, the formula for calculating the dimensionless confinement velocity of fire with the lateral concentrated smoke extraction mode was derived. The smoke back-layering length was calculated by the smoke’s temperature distribution under the tunnel ceiling, and later redefined the confinement velocity. Results showed that the smoke back-layering length is insensitive to the velocity of the lateral exhaust vent at different heat release rates. When the distance between the fire source and the lateral exhaust vent is less than one meter, the Richardson number (Ri) of 2 can be used to determine the phenomenon of reaching the confinement velocity. When the distance between the fire source and the lateral smoke outlet is greater than one meter, Ri of 0.8 can be used to determine the confinement velocity at all heat release rates.
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