A simple and reliable method for the positive identification of pavlovian conditioned cocaine effects in open-field behavior

Abstract

The identification of the Pavlovian conditioning of the behavioral effects of cocaine using open-field behavior is often confounded by the concurrent occurrence of behavioral habituation in control animals. Thus, differences in spontaneous activity between cocaine conditioned animals vs. control can be explained either by Pavlovian conditioning of the psychostimulant effects of cocaine or by anti-habituation effects of cocaine. In a series of experiments we demonstrate that location of the animal within the open-field permits a positive identification of cocaine conditioning independent from habituation factors. In three separate experiments, five daily paired 10 mg/kg cocaine treatments induced both increased locomotion as well as increased entries into the central zone in the open-field as compared with saline and cocaine unpaired control groups. Critically, in three experimental replications, animals which received the paired cocaine treatment exhibited statistically significant increases in central zone entries in non-drug tests for conditioning both with respect to the saline and cocaine unpaired groups as well as to pre-conditioning levels. In contrast, the spontaneous locomotor behavior in the cocaine paired group on the conditioning test did not reliably increase above pre-conditioning levels but rather was only increased when compared with the reduced habituated activity levels in the saline and cocaine unpaired groups. The conditioned increase in central zone entries induced by cocaine was equally robust at 4 and 9 days post-conditioning but yet could be extinguished with repeated non-cocaine exposures to the open-field environment.