Abstract
In this study, the changes in free amino acids of soybean leaves after ethylene application were characterized based on quantitative and metabolomic analyses. All essential and nonessential amino acids in soybean leaves were enhanced by fivefold (250 to 1284 mg/100 g) and sixfold (544 to 3478 mg/100 g), respectively, via ethylene application. In particular, it was found that asparagine is the main component, comprising approximately 41% of the total amino acids with a twenty-five fold increase (78 to 1971 mg/100 g). Moreover, arginine and branched chain amino acids (Val, Leu, and Ile) increased by about 14 and 2–5 times, respectively. The increase in free amino acid in stem was also similar to the leaves. The metabolites in treated and untreated soybean leaves were systematically identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and partial variance discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) scores and heat map analysis were given to understand the changes of each metabolite. The application of ethylene may provide good nutrient potential for soybean leaves.
Highlights
IntroductionAmino acids are the basic units of protein and have important functions in various physiological processes (such as skeletal muscle function) and pathophysiological conditions (such as atrophy, and sarcopenia) [1,2]
This study observed that the application of ethylene resulted in changes in free amino acids (FAAs) in soybean leaves
Similar to the results found in the leaves, Asn became the most changed FAA after ethylene treatment, results found in the leaves, Asn became the most changed after ethylene treatment, turning into the most abundant FAA with 362 to 2975 mg/100 g (Table 1)
Summary
Amino acids are the basic units of protein and have important functions in various physiological processes (such as skeletal muscle function) and pathophysiological conditions (such as atrophy, and sarcopenia) [1,2]. They are associated with numerous biological benefits, such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, in addition to contributing to vital processes like hormones synthesis and neurotransmitters [3,4]. Some amino acids may be taken in supplement form for a natural way to boost athletic performance [5]. For a specific example, branched-chain amino acids (Leu, Ile, and Val) have been shown to accelerate recovery from muscle damage and fatigue after exercise [6]
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