A shake-flask test for estimation of biodegradability of toxic organic substances in the aquatic environment

Abstract

Disadvantages of current biodegradation tests are examined: the need for high substrate concentrations, lack of parent compound concentration measurements, no estimation of sediment effects, failure to indicate compounds to which microbial populations must adapt to degrade, and lack of site specificity in innocula selection. A modified river die-away test is proposed for determining biodegradability of organic compounds and testing for toxic degradation products. The present test uses shake flasks containing sterile (2% formalin) and nonsterile site water: both with, and without, site sediment (500 mg/liter). Concurrent toxicity testing with mysids or daphnids provides a sensitive assay for the detection of toxic metabolites. Examples of three test compounds are given: methyl parathion, which undergoes rapid, sediment-mediated biodegradation; dibutylphthalate, to which some microbial communities exhibit an adaptation phenomenon; and methoxychlor, which has a relatively low water solubility and high sediment partition coefficient. The relative merits of this test procedure are discussed.