Abstract
Bovine parainfluenza virus‐3 (BPIV‐3), also known as bovine respirovirus 3, causes serious respiratory infection in ungulates, often involving other pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria and mycoplasmas. In this study, we evaluated antibody titers against virus genotypes A (BPIV‐3a) and C (BPIV‐3c). We conducted a serological survey and comparison analysis of archived serum samples from small and large ruminants reared in four Turkish provinces. A total of 1,307 samples, consisting of sheep (n = 444), cattle (n = 402), water buffalo (n = 261) and goat (n = 200) sera, were randomly selected from stock samples collected between 2015 and 2019 and screened by standard virus neutralisation assay. We found that 49.9% (653/1307) of all samples were positive for neutralising antibody titers. Goats had the highest titer, with total seropositivity of 63% (126/200), followed in descending order by cattle, sheep and water buffalo at 56.2% (226/402), 32.2% (143/444) and 26% (68/261) total seropositivity, respectively. BPIV‐3c had the highest neutralising antibody rate at 34.3% (448/1307), whereas BPIV‐3a had a 24.3% (317/1307) seropositivity rate. Neutralising antibody titers for positive samples ranged between 1/4 and 1/512 per the SN50 test. Seropositivity rates ranged from a low of 8.9% to a high of 18.3%. Our study was the first to compare antibody seroprevalence for two BPIV‐3 genotypes in small and large domestic ruminants, which were shown to be more commonly exposed to BPIV‐3c than BPIV‐3a. This finding could have significant implications as current vaccines mainly use the BPIV‐3a genotype. Further research can determine if current vaccines protect against different BPIV‐3 virus genotypes.
Highlights
Bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPIV-3), known as bovine respirovirus 3, is a non-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense and enveloped RNA virus
To the best of our knowledge, our study was the first to compare antibody seroprevalence for the two genotypes (A and C) of BPIV-3 in small and large unvaccinated domestic ruminants, with findings indicating the animals are more commonly exposed to BPIV-3c than BPIV-3 representative isolates indicated that genotype A (BPIV-3a); our study was similar to previous molecular characterisation investigation which indicated that half of the obtained isolates belonged to BPIV-3c and less than 25% of isolates were classified as BPIV-3a (Fulton et al, 2017)
In this study of large and small ruminants of Turkey, BPIV-3c antibody titers were found to be significantly higher than BPIV-3a titers
Summary
Bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPIV-3), known as bovine respirovirus 3, is a non-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense and enveloped RNA virus It is a member of the Respirovirus genus and classified under the sub-family Orthoparamyxovirinae of the family Paramyxoviridae, under the order Mononegavirales (ICTV, 2019; King et al, 2012). BPIV-3, as part of this mixed infection, manifests when the stresses of long-distance transport weaken an animal's immune system and increase its vulnerability to infection. This may result in the disease popularly known as ‘shipping fever’ or bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) (Elankumaran, 2013). Recent studies have reported both severe and fatal BRDC cases in cattle linked to individual pathogens, such as BPIV-3, BHV-1 or BRSV (Albayrak et al, ,2019, 2020; Yazici et al, 2020)
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