A Semi-Quantitative Approach in Assessing the effect of Indian Almond (<i>Terminalia catappa</i>) and Banana (<i>Musa acuminata</i>) Leaf Extracts on Candy Koi Siamese fighting fish Betta Fish (<i>Betta splendens</i>) Coloration

Kandungan senyawa bioaktif pada daun ketapang (Terminalia catappa) dan daun pisang (Musa paradisiaca) mampu mencegah serangan jamur pada telur ikan. Namun demikian, aplikasi kombinasi kedua bahan tersebut untuk mencegah serangan jamur pada telur ikan cupang (Betta splendens) belum pernah diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman telur ikan cupang dengan kombinasi konsentrasi daun ketapang dan daun pisang yang berbeda terhadap daya tetas telur ikan dan daya hidup benih yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini berupa eksperimen yang terdiri dari 6 perlakuan dan 3 kali pengulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari perendaman telur ikan pada: perlakuan kontrol (tanpa ekstrak daun ketapang dan daun pisang), perlakuan A (100% ekstrak daun ketapang konsentrasi 20 mL L-1), perlakuan B (75% ekstrak daun ketapang pada 15 mL L-1 dan 25% daun pisang pada 5 mL L-1), perlakuan C (50% ekstrak daun ketapang pada 10 mL L-1 dan 50% daun pisang pada 10 mL L-1), perlakuan D (25% ekstrak daun ketapang pada 5 mL L-1 dan 75% daun pisang pada 15 mL L-1), dan perlakuan E (100% ekstrak daun pisang konsentrasi 20 mL L-1). Variabel yang diukur pada masing-masing perlakuan adalah daya pembuahan telur, daya tetas, kualitas, dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup benih yang dihasilkan. Parameter kualitas air diukur secara berkala selama penelitian, meliputi suhu, pH, oksigen terlarut, amonia, dan nitrit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perendaman telur dalam konsentrasi ekstrak daun ketapang dan daun pisang yang berbeda memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P<0,05) terhadap semua variabel. Perlakuan terbaik adalah perlakuan B dengan persentase daya pembuahan telur, penetasan telur, dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup benih yang dihasilkan masing-masing adalah 90%, 84%, dan 84,58%. Kombinasi ini dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar informasi dalam meningkatkan budidaya ikan cupang karena adanya kandungan flavonoid dan tanin pada daun ketapang dan daun pisang yang berfungsi dalam meningkatkan pembuahan telur, daya tetas telur dan kelangsungan hidup ikan.The bioactive compounds in ketapang (Terminalia catappa) and banana (Musa paradisiaca) leaves had the ability to prevent fungus infestation on fish eggs. Nevertheless, a combined application of these two ingredients to prevent fungus infestation in betta fish eggs (Betta splendens) has never been studied. This study aimed to determine the effect of soaking betta fish eggs in different combined concentrations of ketapang and banana leaves on the fish egg hatching rate and resulting seed survival rates. This research was set in an experimental trial consisting of six treatments with three replicates. The treatments consisted of soaking the fish egg in: control treatment (without ketapang and banana leaves extracts), treatment A (100% ketapang leaf extract at a concentration of 20 mL L-1), treatment B (75% ketapang leaf extract at 15 mL L-1 and 25% banana leaf extract at 5 mL L-1), treatment C (50% ketapang leaf extract at 10 mL L-1 and 50% banana leaf extract at 10 mL L-1), treatment D (25% ketapang leaf extract at 5 mL L-1 and 75% banana leaf extract at 15 mL L-1), treatment E (100% banana leaf extract at 20 mL L-1). The measured variables in each treatment were egg fertilization rate, hatching rate, and quality, as well as the resulting seed survival rate. Water quality parameters were measured regularly during the study, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and nitrite. The results showed that the immersion of eggs in different concentrations of ketapang and banana leaf extracts had a significant effect (P<0.05) on all variables. The best treatment was treatment B, in which the percentages of egg fertilization, egg hatching, and the produced seed survival rates were 90%, 84%, and 84.58%. This study concludes that the combined use of ketapang and banana leaves extracts successfully increase egg fertilization, egg hatchability and survival rate of betta fish due to the presence of flavonoid and tanin compounds.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Ketapang (Terminalia catappa), Banana (Musa sp.), and Teak (Tectona grandis) leaf extracts on enhancing the coloration of Channa maru (Channa marulioides). Body coloration in ornamental fish is an important aesthetic trait that significantly influences market value and consumer preference in the ornamental aquaculture industry. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four treatments (control, Ketapang extract, Banana leaf extract, and Teak leaf extract) with three replications. Parameters observed included color intensity using the Toca Colour Finder (TCF), carotenoid content in fish tissues, survival rate, absolute growth in length and weight, and water quality. The results showed that Ketapang leaf extract significantly improved fish coloration, yielding the highest TCF scores and carotenoid content (0.32 µg/g), followed by Teak leaf extract (0.22 µg/g), Banana leaf extract (0.07 µg/g), and the control (0.06 µg/g). Leaf extracts had no significant effect on survival rate or absolute growth in length and weight. Water quality remained within the optimal range throughout the experiment and did not act as a limiting factor. In conclusion, Ketapang leaf extract is recommended as the most effective natural additive to enhance the coloration and carotenoid content of Channa maru, followed by Teak leaf extract, while Banana leaf extract showed less effectiveness.

Coloration is one of the most valued features in aquaculture or ornamental fish, and the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) (Regan 1910) is an excellent model to study coloration. Carotenoids are one of the pigments that express colour in fish. Microalgae synthesize these pigments, which can be transferred through feeding first to mosquito larvae, then to fish when they feed on mosquito larvae. We tested the effect of feeding mosquito larvae on coloration and growth in Siamese fighting fish. Over a 60-day period, 52 individual Siamese fighting fish (32 males and 20 females) were fed with commercial micro pellets (control diet) or mosquito larvae (experimental diet). We expected that fish fed with mosquito larvae would be more colourful and larger than fish fed with commercial micro pellets. Consistent with this prediction, Siamese fighting fish were more colourful when they were fed the mosquito larvae diet than when they were fed a commercial micro pellet diet. We, therefore, recommend the use of mosquito larvae for Siamese fighting fish production. Additionally, since the Siamese fighting fish is an efficient predator of the mosquito larvae, we suggest the use of this live food as a high quality alternative food and a colour bio-capsule with numerous carotenoid pigments.

Fermented water of Thai herbs effectively enhanced amputated fin regeneration in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)

การใช้ใบหูกวาง (Terminalia catappa L.) เพื่อรักษาโรคปลากัด (Betta splendens) และปลาหางนกยูง (Poecilia reticulata) เป็นการศึกษาทางวิทยาศาสตร์เพื่อสนับสนุนแนวคิดและภูมิปัญญาท้องถิ่นของไทยที่สำคัญทีมีการใช้ใบหูกวางในการเลี้ยงปลากัดมาเป็นเวลานาน วัตถุประสงค์หลักของการศึกษาวิจัยในครั้งนี้คือการศึกษาคุณสมบัติด้ายกายภาพ เคมีและชีวภาพ ชนิดของสารออกฤทธิ์และความเป็นพิษของน้ำสกัดใบหูกวางต่อปลากัดและปลาหางนกยูง การศึกษาประสิทธิภาพของน้ำสกัดใบหูกวางต่อการรักษาแผลและโรคติดเชื้อเตตร้าไฮมีนาที่ผิวหนังปลากัดและปลาหางนกยูง การสกัดใบหูกวางแห้งด้วยน้ำเป็นเวลา 3 วัน ที่อุณหภูมิ 28 องศาเซลเซียส จะได้สารละลายใสสีน้ำตาลเหมือนสีชา กลิ่นชา รสฝาด มีปริมาณสารสกัดด้วนน้ำทั้งหมด 15.15 เปอร์เซ็นต์ปริมาณสารสกัดด้วยเอทานอลทั้งหมด 11.53 เปอร์เซ็นต์ องค์ประกอบที่สำคัญทางเคมีที่ตรวจพบในใบหูกวางสีเหลือง ได้แก่ กรดแทนนิค 14.5+-3.2 เปอร์เซ็นต์ รูติน 20+-1.6 มิลลิกรัม/100 กรัม ไอโซเคอร์ซิตริน 12+-1.6 มิลลิกรัม/100 กรัม ทองแดง 0.40+-0.12 มิลลิกรัม/100 กรัม และสังกะสี 2.56+-0.71 มิลลิกรัม/100 กรัม ในขณะที่ใบสีแดงพบองค์ประกอบต่าง ๆ ในสัดส่วนที่มากกว่า ได้แก่ กรดแทนนิค 16.7+-2.6 เปอร์เซ็นต์ รูติน 42.5+-5.8 มิลลิกรัม/100 กรัม ไอโซเคอร์ซิตริน 25+-2.99 มิลลิกรัม/100 กรัม ทองแดง 0.46+-0.1 มิลลิกรัม/100 กรัม และสังกะสี 2.37+-0.34 มิลลิกรัม/100 กรัม การสกัดใบหูกวางด้วยน้ำที่อุณหภูมิดังกล่าวเป็นเวลา 3 วันจะได้สารละลายสีน้ำตาลเข้ม มีกลิ่นรสเปรี้ยว และมีการปนเปื้อนของเชื้อแบคทีเรีย 10 [superscript 7] cfu/mL น้ำสกัดใบหูกวางมีความเป็นพิษของต่อปลากัดและปลาหางนกยูงที่ระดับความเข้มข้น 6,760 พีพีเอ็ม และ 5,281 พีพีเอ็มตามลำดับ โดยระดับความเข้มข้นที่น้ำสกัดใบหูกวางสามารถยับยั้งแบคทีเรียชนิดแอร์โรโมแนส สเตรปโตคอคคัส และโปรโตซัวชนิดเตตร้าไฮมีนาเท่ากับ 1,000, 4,000 และ 2,000 พีพีเอ็ม ตามลำดับ น้ำสกัดใบหูกวางที่ระดับความเข้มข้น 1,000 พีพีเอ็ม มีประสิทธิภาพในการรักษาโรคติดเชื้อแบคทีเรียชนิดสเตรปโตคอคคัสในปลากัด 88 ปอร์เซนต์ ในขณะที่ระดับความเข้มข้น 10 พีพีเอ็มประสิทธิภาพในการรักษาโรคติดเชื้อสเตรปโตคอคคัสในปลาหางนกยูง 83.33 เปอร์เซ็นต์ ใบหูกวางหรือน้ำสกัดใบหูกวางที่ระดับความเข้มข้น 1,000 พีพีเอ็ม สามารถนำมาใช้ในการสมานแผลปลากัดและปลาหางนกยูงที่มีบาดแผลที่ผิวหนังเพียงเล็กน้อยได้ และการใช้น้ำสกัดใบหูกวางที่ระดับความเข้มข้น 50 -200 พีพีเอ็ม ช่วยทำให้ปลากัดและปลาหางนกยูงที่ติดเชื้อเตตร้าไฮมีนาในห้องปฏิบัติการมีอัตรารอดเพิ่มขึ้นแต่ไม่สามารถกำจัดเชื้อที่มีในตัวปลาหางนกยูงทั้งหมด การใช้ใบหูกวางที่ความเข้มข้น 1,000 – 3,000 พีพีเอ็มร่วมกับเกลือแกงที่ความเข้มข้น 0.5 – 1 เปอร์เซ็นต์เพื่อรักษาแผลและลดการติดเชื้อเตตร้าไฮมีนาที่เกิดการระบาดขึ้นในฟาร์มเลี้ยงปลาหางนกยูงช่วยลดอัตราการตายได้มากกว่าการไม่ใช้หรือการใช้ใบหูกวางเพียงชนิดเดียว

Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from diseased Siamese fighting fish Betta
\nsplendens Regans. The virulence of A. hydrophiala to Siamese fighting fish was
\nconducted by intraperitoneal injection of two doses of bacterial suspensions with
\n7.5×10^7
\nand 7.5×10^5
\ncfu per 0.05 ml. The cumulative mortality was observed in high
\nand low dose groups which showed 98.33 and 20 percent, respectively. Moreover, five
\nmedicinal plants extracts namely Centella asiatica, Morinda citrifolia, Melissa
\nofficinalis, Piper sarmentosum and Terminalia catappa were determined for
\nantimicrobial activities by broth dilution method. Terminalia catappa extract showed
\nhighest antimicrobial effect of MIC and MBC (25 and 12.5 mg mL
\n^-1
\n), followed by M.
\nofficinalis and P. sarmentosum with the same values of MIC and MBC (12.5 and 25 mg
\nmL
\n^-1
\n). Finally, Centella asiatica and Morinda citrifolia were similarly MIC and MBC
\n(50 and 100 mg mL
\n^-1
\n). It was concluded that five medicinal plants can use to inhibit
\nand kill A. hydrophila in fish.

Controlling vegetative cells and spores growth of Bacillus spp. using ethanolic Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) leaf extract

Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is one of the most economically important fishery products of Thailand with export viability. Unfortunately, disease losses cause a major problem in the production of farmed tilapia. Most farmers have been using chemicals and antibiotics to treat fish pathogens which leads to the creation of antibiotic resistant pathogens and undesired residues in the fish and in the environment. Food safety is currently a great concern worldwide and Thailand’s inspectors are now finding antibiotic residues in exported fish products. The purpose of the present research is to apply the Indian almond, Terminalia catappa, as an alternative to the use of chemicals and antibiotics in the aquaculture industry. Dried leaves of Indian almond were ground and dissolved in water. A variety of concentrations of this solution were used to determine resulting activities against tilapia pathogens. The results indicated that Trichodina, fish ectoparasites, were eradicated at 800 ppm. The growth of two strains of Aeromonas hydrophila was also inhibited at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml Indian almond leaves upward. In addition, this solution can reduce the fungal infection in tilapia eggs. Research is underway to determine the toxicity of this solution, if any, on tilapia and the isolation of the active ingredients in the Indian almond for fish pathogen treatment. INTRODUCTION Under intensive aquaculture conditions, fish parasites, bacteria, and fungi have been recorded as a cause of serious economic losses. There is an increasing concern about the toxic residues in agricultural foods though farmers still need to use chemical and antibiotic treatments for pathogen prevention. This continued use of chemical and antibiotic substances leads to a growing interest in screening antiparasitic, antibacterial, and antifungal substances from plants to replace chemical and antibiotic alternatives. Indian almond, Terminalia catappa, is commonly used as an herbal drug in Taiwan (Liu et al., 1996). It has been locally claimed to be a wound healing substance for Siamese fighting fish hurt after matches in Thailand as well. Burapadaja (1997) showed the crude ethanol extract from the leaves of Indian almond was active against Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 512 μg/ml. In addition, the crude extracts of T. catappa had in vitro antifungal properties against Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Aspergillus fumigatus (Goun et al., 2003). However, no information about using Indian almond leaves to treat tilapia pathogens has been published. This paper is a report on the antifungal, antibacterial, and antiparasitic activities derived from Indian almond leaves for alternative treatment as opposed to chemicals and antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Indian almond leaves, Terminalia catappa, were collected from a local area, baked at 50°C for 18 hours, and ground. The water extract of the leaves of Indian almond was passed through No. 1 Whatman filter paper and kepted in 4°C until use. Proc. WOCMAP III. Vol. 4: Targeted Screening of MAPs, Economics & Law Eds. C. Franz, A. Mathe, L.E. Craker and Z.E. Gardner Acta Hort. 678, ISHS 2005 180 One thousand and two hundreds tilapia eggs were randomly divided into four treatment groups with three replications each. The experiment was conducted in a cold season in order to make the eggs more susceptible to fungal infection. The antifungal activity was evaluated by treating tilapia eggs at concentrations of 0 and 200 ppm Terminalia extract compared with 200 ppm of garlic and formalin until the eggs were hatched. The percentage of fungal infection was daily determined by counting the number of dead eggs. The experimental design was based on the concentration of Terminalia extract established to reduce the bacteria growth. The antibacterial activity was conducted in triplicate using tube-serial two-fold dilution MIC assay in which two strains of Aeromonas hydrophila was used as the indicator fish pathogen as described by Christofilogiannis (2001) with some modification. The MIC was recorded as the lowest concentration of extract in a given series where there was no bacterial growth. Tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) with average weight of 3.62 ± 0.06 g were obtained from a commercial farm in Chiang Mai, Thailand and acclimated in the laboratory for 2 weeks before experimentation. Fish were randomly divided into four groups of 30 each in triplicates. The parasiticidal effect was determined against natural infections with Trichodina sp. on the skin and gills of tilapia using a water extract of Indian almond varying from 0-800 ppm. The numbers of Trichodina sp. were then counted under microscope after 48 h exposure. Statistical Analysis Data was reported as means ± SD of three independent replications and evaluated by one-way ANOVA. Turkey multiple comparison test to determine significant differences between treatment was used. Significant differences were established at P<0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Antifungal Activity on Tilapia Eggs The treatment with 200 ppm of water extract derived from Indian almond showed the highest antifungal effect (Table 1). Referring to the result, the effectiveness of reference substances including garlic and formalin is quite low. One possible reason to explain this phenomenon is the variation of active ingredients in the raw material. It appeared to be the best potential alternative for fungal treatment to malachite green or acriflavin, both of which are carcinogens. As fungal infections were observed in all treatment groups, further study about the optimal doses for fungi-infection eradication is in progress. In addition, the toxicity of this substance and any side effects on tilapia need to be determined before applying the preparation to fish farms. In this experiment, eggs of the negative control group had an approximately 10% fungal infection. Schreier et al. (1996) demonstrated that with fungal infected rainbow trout eggs (10% infection), hydrogen peroxide of 500 μl/l seemed to be the most effective treatment for controlling the spread of fungus and improving hatch percentage. This finding suggests that active substances from Indian almond need to be purified to avoid the variation of crude extracts and then it can be used in small amounts. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity on Aeromonas Hydrophila The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Indian almond solution against A. hydrophila was 0.5 mg/ml while the MIC of Oxytetracycline (Fluka) was 0.125 mg/ml. These bacteria strains are considered as oxytetracycline-resistant since growth occurred at higher than 50 μg/ml (Kelch and Lee, 1978). Further studies in vivo for this extract are needed. The terminalia extract may be added to the rearing water, and thus may help to control bacteria infection in fish eggs or larval fish in hatchery which are prone to bacteria infection. We assume that this extract may have an effect against other pathogenic bacteria; however, the research is underway to determine if that statement is true.

Abstract. Kiswara CA, Budiharjo A, Sari SLA. 2020. Changes in color of betta fish (Betta splendens) by feeding of Artemia salina enriched with Tagetes erecta flower flour. Cell Biol Dev 4: 46-50. Betta fish are attractive due to their varied and vibrant colors and aggressive temperament. Carotenoids are the pigments found in betta fish. They are kept in chromatophores. While fish cannot synthesize carotenoids in their bodies, they can absorb them from their diet and use them as pigments to enhance the color intensity of their bodies. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of color change and survival of betta fish fed with Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758), which has Tagetes erecta L. flower flour as their food. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) and three treatments with varying compositions of rice flour: T. erecta flower flour, namely, 5:1, 2:1, and 1:1, respectively. Artemia salina fed simply with rice flour was a control. Betta fish require 40 days of care. Color intensity was determined once every ten days using a color scale with a score of 1 (white), 2 (weak red), 3 (medium red), and 4 (dark red) (red). The results indicated that A. salina fed in a 1:1 ratio had the best effect on improving the color brightness of betta fish. All parts of the betta fish's body received a score of 4 in this treatment, including the head, fins, and tail.

Ornamental fish is a type of fish that lives in fresh water or in the sea that has a beautiful and attractive body shape or color. One type of freshwater ornamental fish that has a unique difference from the others is Betta ornamental fish. Betta fish is one type of ornamental fish that is in demand by the public, but the breeders of this betta fish are mostly confused about how to increase the brightness of the color of betta fish. Based on this background, this study aims to determine the effect of adding carrot flour with different concentrations in commercial feed on the color intensity of halfmoon betta fish (Betta splendens).This study used an experimental method with a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) of 4 treatments and 3 repeats. Then the variables observed include, fish brightness, fish weight, fish length, fish daily length, fish survival, and water quality. Furthermore, the observed data and data processing is carried out with SPSS statistical software 25.The addition of carrot flour in commercial feed can affect markedly (P&gt;0.05). The addition of P4 treatment carrot flour at a dose of 95% pellets and 15% carrot flour in commercial feed, gave good results on the brightness of the color of Betta fish with an average value of 5.0 compared to other treatments that were given the addition of less carrot flour.

The present in vitro study investigated the levels of oxidative stress indicators, namely, malondialdehyde (MDA) and methaemoglobin (mHb) when sickle erythrocytes were incubated in aqueous leaf extracts of Anacardium occidentale, Psidium guajava and Terminalia catappa for 12 h. At regular time intervals of 3 h, portions of the incubation mixture were withdrawn and spectrophotometric method was used to assay for erythrocyte MDA concentrations and percent (%) mHb. The control analysis showed that erythrocyte MDA concentration increased from 2.45±0.35 to 3.13±0.59 mmol/ml (p > 0.05; p value = 0.801176). Erythrocyte MDA concentrations in the presence of the three extracts were higher than the control samples at t = 3 h (p > 0.05; p value = 0.963253). However, compared with the control sample at the given time (t), aqueous extract ofT. catappa, exhibited the highest capacity to cause reduction of erythrocyte MDA concentration [T. catappa] = 800 mg%; [MDA] = 2.89±0.33 mmol/ml; t = 12 h), representing 7.66% reduction of erythrocyte MDA concentration. Erythrocyte % mHb increased from 2.42±0.55 to 2.51±0.49% (p > 0.05; p value = 0.995171) in the control sample within the duration of 12 h. Incubation of sickle erythrocytes with aqueous extract of [P. guajava] = 800 mg% for 9 h caused reduction of Met.Hb% from 2.49±0.49% to 2.29±0.45%; p > 0.05; p value = 0.983519. Also, aqueous extract of T. catappaexhibited low capacity to cause reduction in erythrocyte %mHb. Aqueous extracts of A. occidentale,P. guajava and T. catappa exhibited variable capacities to hinder lipid peroxidation, but did not cause corresponding reduction in percent erythrocyte %mHb, as exemplified by negative correlation between the two oxidative stress indicators in the presence of T. catappa and higher concentrations of A. occidentale, P. guajava. Key words: Malondialdehyde, methaemoglobin, erythrocyte, Anacardium occidentale, Psidium guajava, Terminalia catappa.

This study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of almond (Terminalia catappa) leaf (ALE) and stem bark (ABE) extracts on the enzyme activities and oxidative stress markers in the brain and liver tissues of cyclosporine-A (CsA) stressed male albino rats. Eighty-eight adult male rats weighing between 200 and 220g were randomly distributed to into 11 groups (n=8) and different doses (100 and 200mg/kg bwt.) of ALE and ABE were administered through oral gavages to the normal rats and 50mg/kg/bwt/day CsA-stressed, while normal control rats was given a saline solution (p.o), and the treatment lasted for 14days. Blood plasma, liver and brain tissues were prepared for biochemical analysis. Neuronal [acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butrylcholinesterase (BChE) and arginase] enzyme activities and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) level, plasma aspartate transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, liver non-protein thiol (NPSH) level were analyzed. The results revealed that, the administration of CsA induced a significant increase in neuronal AChE, BChE, arginase, TBARS level, but decreased nitric oxide (NO) level. CsA also increased ALT, AST, and ALP activities in the blood plasma of CsA stress rats compared to normal control, but were significantly reversed respectively (p<0.001) upon treatment with the ALE and ABE dose-dependently. The study revealed that ALE and ABE could prevent neuronal dysfunction and liver toxicity induced by CsA administration, however, higher dose (200mg/kg) of the studied extracts appears to be more potent.

&lt;pre&gt;Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by high levels of blood glucose. A high-fat diet can cause hyperglycemia .Hyperglycemia will cause the formation of free radicals which can damage cells. Aloksan is a chemical that can damage beta cells, resulting in decreased insulin production. Ketapang (&lt;em&gt;Terminalia catappa&lt;/em&gt;) is a plant that can be used because of its antioxidant content. The administration of ketapang extract (&lt;em&gt;Terminalia catappa&lt;/em&gt;) is thought to reduce levels of malondialdehyde. Malondialdehyde is a biomarker for the occurrence of lipid peroxidation in the body caused by an increase in free radicals due to the occurrence of oxidative stress.&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt; This study used Wistar rats divided into 4 groups. Three groups will be given high-fat diet for 7 days followed by induced alloxan at a dose of 90 mg / kgBW to increase blood glucose levels and pancreatic malondialdehyde levels. Then 2 groups will be given treatment for 14 days. The first treatment group was given Ketapang extract with a dose of 600 mg / kgBW and the second treatment group which was given glibenclamide using a dose of 0.09 mg / kgBW.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre&gt; The results showed that there was a significant decrease in pancreatic malondialdehyde in Wistar rats induced by glibenclamide (p = 0.016). In the group induced by ketapang leaf and fruit extract (Terminalia catappa) there was a decrease in malondialdehyde levels but was not significant (p = 0.916).&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt; Conclusions, this study indicated that the administration of ketapang leaf and fruit (&lt;em&gt;Terminalia catappa&lt;/em&gt;) extract were able to reduce the levels of pancreatic malondialdehyde given a high-fat diet and induced by alloxan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Broiler are popular meat-producing birds in Indonesia because they contain high levels of animal protein. Apart from being used in the treatment of infectious diseases, antibiotics are also used as antibiotic growth promoters (AGP). However, the use of antibiotics as feed additives has been prohibited, a natural substitute for AGP is katapang leaves (Terminalia catappa L.). This study aims to determine the effect of administering katapang leaf extract (Terminalia catappa L.) on the number and type of leukocytes in broiler. This study used 24 Cobb strain broiler which were divided into four treatment groups, each group consisting of six replications. The treatment groups were P0 = only given 1% CMC-Na solution, P1 = Katapang leaf extract solution with 5% concentration, P2 = Ketapang leaf extract solution with 10% concentration, P3 = Katapang leaf extract solution with 15% concentration. The treatment is given orally with a syringe, given to chickens aged 21–35 days. At the end of the study, 2 ml–3 ml of blood is taken from the brachial vein. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test

Leucocytosis, inflammation, and thrombocytosis are major risk factors for diabetes mellitus. This study investigates the effects of administering aspirin, meloxicam, or Terminalia catappa leaf extract on leucocyte count and platelet indices in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of six rats each. The control group received 5 ml/kg of distilled water orally, while the DM was induced with 150 mg/Kg alloxan. The DM+ Terminalia Catappa (TC) group was administered 130 mg/kg, while the DM+Aspirin and DM+Meloxicam groups were administered aspirin (30 mg/kg) and meloxicam (2 mg/kg) orally, respectively. DM+TC+Aspirin and DM+TC+Meloxicam groups received Terminalia catappa in addition to aspirin and meloxicam, respectively, for 14 days. Total WBC, neutrophil and eosinophil counts, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 increased significantly (p <0.05), while lymphocytes, monocytes, platelet counts, and platelet indices decreased significantly (p <0.05) in the diabetic group. The raised parameters were significantly (p <0.05) reduced by aspirin, meloxicam, and Terminalia catappa extract compared with the diabetic control group. They were also significantly (p <0.05) reduced in DM-treated with extract and aspirin. Platelet counts and MPV were raised (p < 0.05) in the T. catappa, aspirin, and meloxicam + extract groups compared to the control and diabetic groups. T. catappa extract and aspirin ameliorated inflammation due to their active phytochemicals. Extract of Terminalia catappa, in combination with aspirin, reduced WBC count but increased platelet indices. This indicates the potential of the extract to reduce inflammation in diabetes mellitus, but with the risk of thrombocytosis.