A Security Cost Modelling Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical system (CPS) has been widely used in various areas as the integration of computing and physical system. As a typical application of CPS, cyber-physical surveillance system (CPSS) allows real-time video monitoring for various fields such as smart transportation and warehouse management systems. For video streaming in CPSS, dynamic radio spectrum management is a key technology dealing with the current situation that the spectrum resource is almost used up. In this paper, taking into account the application layer quality-of-service (QoS) and wireless link security, a novel dynamic spectrum management scheme is proposed to minimize the system cost of CPSS. Video distortion is considered as the application layer QoS metric, and the system cost is defined as a combination of distortion and security cost. We use intra-refreshing rate in video coding to minimize the distortion. Furthermore, the problem is formulated as a restless bandit system, which uses current and historical information to optimize the action, with the objective of maximizing the total discounted system reward. We also describe the spectrum management operation processes. Extensive simulation results are presented to demonstrate the significant performance improvement of the proposed scheme compared with the existing one that ignores video distortion and subband security optimization.

In times of Industry 4.0 and cyber-physical systems (CPS) providing security is one of the biggest challenges. A cyber attack launched at a CPS poses a huge threat, since a security incident may affect both the cyber and the physical world. Since CPS are very flexible systems, which are capable of adapting to environmental changes, it is important to keep an overview of the resulting costs of providing security. However, research regarding CPS currently focuses more on engineering secure systems and does not satisfactorily provide approaches for evaluating the resulting costs. This paper presents an interaction-based model for evaluating security costs in a CPS. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates in a use case driven study, how this approach could be used to model the resulting costs for guaranteeing security.

Cyber Physical System (CPS) is Informatics and computer science. Cyber physical manufacturing system is a new research field. In the fields of computer science and manufacturing science and technology Promote the Fourth Industrial Revolution known as Industry 4.0. CPS is generally focused. About the integration of the physical world and cyberspace. It`s the integration of communication, Computational, control, and physical elements. Currently, CPS is Science, government and industry. Systematic literature review on cyber. The physical system of the manufacturing system is not available. The purpose of the chapters in this bookis to gain insight into manufacturing systems and develop cyber-physical systems. Physical systems for intelligent manufacturing. CPS is written using the concept of CPS. A 5-tier architecture system for manufacturing systems. Continuous Key Release. It also describes the technology of cyber physical manufacturing systems. Combined with manufacturing, CPS enables intelligent manufacturing and provides technical support for manufacturing upgrades and conversions. This can be summarized in three aspects: internet-based manufacturing, process intelligence, and product intelligence. Future manufacturing is said to be personalized manufacturing based on cyber physical systems, intelligent manufacturing, digital manufacturing, and network-based manufacturing. CPS continues to transform the manufacturing trends of the industry, creating even more amazing value for future global manufacturing scenarios

This paper presents definitions characterizing the concepts regarding cyber-physical systems and dependability. Cyber-physical systems incorporate computing, communication and storage capabilities with monitoring and/or control of entities in the physical world in a dependably, securely, efficiently and real-time way. The challenges of cyber-physical system research are concerning: real-time system abstractions; robustness, safety and security; QoS composition; and nor least dependability. Dependability is first introduced as a global concept that subsumes the usual attributes of reliability, availability, safety, integrity and maintainability. The paper aims to define research challenges to achieve the dependability in cyber-physical hydropower systems. The significant challenge of the dependability in cyber-physical hydropower systems is evaluation of the system behavior in terms of interdependencies between cyber and physical components of the system.

Cyber physical systems (CPS) are known as one of the significant advancement in computer science and IT. Cyber physical manufacturing system is the emerging research area in the field of computer science as well as manufacturing science and technology which is promoting the 4th industrial revolution which is known as Industrie 4.0. CPS generally focuses on the integration of physical world with cyberspace. It is the integration of communication, computation, control and physical elements. At present time, CPS is the point of interest for academia, government and industries. However, a systematic literature review of cyber physical system for manufacturing system is not available. This paper aims to present the findings on cyber physical systems on manufacturing systems and development of cyber physical system for intelligent manufacturing. The CPS is explained with the concept of CPS and five level architecture system for manufacturing systems. Further, key enabling technologies for cyber physical manufacturing systems is also discussed. In this paper both WoS and Scopus databases (2000-2020) is taken in consideration for literature review. Top journals, top cited papers, top authors and top research categories have been found out.

Most eHealth systems are cyber-physical systems (CPSs) making safety-critical decisions based on information from other systems not known during development. In this design science research, a conceptual resilience governance framework for eHealth CPSs is built utilizing 1) cybersecurity initiatives, standards and frameworks, 2) science of design for software-intensive systems and 3) empowering cyber trust and resilience. According to our study, a resilient CPS consists of two sub-systems: the proper resilient system and the situational awareness system. In a system of CPSs, three networks are composed: platform, software and social network. The resilient platform network is the basis on which information sharing between stakeholders could be created via software layers. However, the trust inside social networks quantifies the pieces of information that will be shared - and with whom. From citizens’ point of view, eHealth is wholeness in which requirements of information security hold true. Present procedures emphasize confidentiality at the expense of integrity and availability, and regulations/instructions are used as an excuse not to change even vital information. The mental-picture of cybersecurity should turn from “threat, crime, attack” to “trust” and “resilience”. Creating confidence in safe digital future is truly needed in the integration of the digital and physical world’s leading to a new digital revolution. The precondition for the exchange of information “trust” must be systematically built at every CPS’ level. In health sector, increasingly interconnected social, technical and economic networks create large complex CPSs, and risk assessment of many individual components becomes cost and time prohibitive. When no-one can control all aspects of CPSs, protection-based risk management is not enough to help prepare for and prevent consequences of foreseeable events, but resilience must be built into systems to help them quickly recover and adapt when adverse events do occur.

Security and Privacy Aspect of Cyber Physical Systems

CPS is complex distributed systems, which contain computing, communications, and control. CPS is a product of the combination of physical world and the cyber world. The cyber world needs a lot of physical equipment to deal with perception and communication, then collect and transfer the information in the real environment, and by computation to forecast what might happen in future real environment, at last through the control strategy to achieve the optimal solution. In short, cyber physical system is the complex systems combination with computation system, sensory system and control system. Cyber physical system through more extensive connection, the physical world more thorough cognition, more effectively control the physical world, make the information world and the physical world closer integration, realize coordination awareness and control of the physical world. The paper through the analysis of the human perception system, build a cyber-physical fusion system based on human perception architecture.

Introduction to the Special Issue on Evolving IoT and Cyber-Physical Systems: Advancements, Applications, and Solutions

Cyber Physical System (CPS) is a very crucial and promising technology in Industry 4.0 context. The application of CPS in the production and manufacturing environment gave rise to the term Cyber Physical Production Systems (CPPSs). CPPSs hold great potential to make production systems become intelligent, resilient and self-adaptive by utilizing the cyber world to realize the distributed collaboration in the physical world. There is growing interest in CPPSs, yet there is a scarcity of review to document the current status of CPPSs. This review aims to classify the current research activities within CPPSs field with a special focus on design and implementation approaches in view of industrial engineering and to analyze research gaps based on the literature review. Findings of this review can be used as the basis for future research in CPPSs and related topics.

Towards energy-aware cloud-oriented cyber-physical therapy system

Cisco defines the internet of everything (IoE) as the networked connection of people, processes, data, and things [1]. This goes beyond the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) of connected devices alone transforming the way people live their lives. It is through this combination of people, processes, data, and things that the future of many fields in computing (such as smart cities) can be realized. Smart environments are physical worlds interwoven with sensors, actuators, displays, and computational elements, embedded seamlessly into everyday objects and connected through a continuous network [2]. A smart city/environment, by definition, needs a modern technological backbone but also relies on the natural resources of its inhabitants. The intersection of people, processes, and things is the area explored in this research. Things and people are combining to enable smart environments to become smarter, and smarter here is defined as optimizing/improving the environment's use of resources or the occupant's comfort. In parallel to research into the IoE, there is also a history of research into embedded systems, and this has evolved into cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and now cyber-physical social systems (CPSSs). The main difference between CPSs and IoT systems lies in the fact that IoT systems are aimed at interconnecting all the things in the physical world, while CPSs sense the physical world but are normally closed-loop systems [3].

Author(s): Rokka Chhetri, Sujit | Advisor(s): Al Faruque, Mohammad | Abstract: Cyber-Physical System consists of the integration of computational components in the cyber-domain with the physical-domain processes. In cyber-domain, embedded computers and networks monitor and control the physical processes, and in the physical-domain the sensors and actuators aid in interacting with the physical world. This interaction between the cyber and physical domain brings unique modeling challenges one of which includes the integration of discrete and sequential models in cyber-domain with the continuous and parallel physical domain processes. However, the same cyber-physical interaction also opens new opportunities for modeling. For example, the information flow in the cyber-domain manifests physically in the form of energy flows in the physical domain. Some of these energy flows unintentionally provide information about the cyber-domain through the side-channels. In this thesis, the first part consists of an extensive analysis of the side-channels (such as acoustic, magnetic, thermal, power and vibration) of the cyber-physical system is performed. Based on this analysis data-driven models are estimated. These models are then used to perform security vulnerability analysis (for confidentiality and integrity), whereby, new attack models are explored. Furthermore, the data-driven models are also utilized to create a defensive mechanism to minimize the information leakage from the system and to detect attacks to the integrity of the system. The cyber-physical manufacturing systems are taken as use cases to demonstrate the applicability of the modeling approaches. In the second part, side-channel analysis is performed to aid in modeling digital twins of the cyber-physical systems. Specifically, a novel methodology to utilize low-end sensors to analyze the side-channels and build the digital twins is proposed. These digital twins are used to capture the interaction between the cyber-domain and the physical domain of the manufacturing systems, and aid in process quality inference and fault localization. Using side-channels these digital twins are kept up-to-date, which is one of the fundamental requirements for building digital twins. Finally, challenges relating to performing data-driven modeling using non-Euclidean data in the cyber-physical system are addressed in the third part of the thesis. Moreover, a novel structural graph convolutional neural network and a dynamic graph embedding algorithm are presented to handle non-Euclidean data.

A Cyber Physical System (CPS) is a smart network system with actuators, embedded sensors, and processors to interact with the physical world by guaranteeing the performance and supporting real-time operations of safety critical applications. These systems drive innovation and are a source of competitive advantage in today's challenging world. By observing the behavior of physical processes and activating actions, CPS can alter its behavior to make the physical environment perform better and more accurately. By definition, CPS basically has two major components including cyber systems and physical processes. Examples of CPS include autonomous transportation systems, robotics systems, medical monitoring, automatic pilot avionics, and smart grids. Advances in CPS will empower scalability, capability, usability, and adaptability, which will go beyond the simple systems of today. At the same time, CPS has also increased cybersecurity risks and attack surfaces. Cyber attackers can harm such systems from multiple sources while hiding their identities. As a result of sophisticated threat matrices, insufficient knowledge about threat patterns, and industrial network automation, CPS has become extremely insecure. Since such infrastructure is networked, attacks can be prompted easily without much human participation from remote locations, thereby making CPS more vulnerable to sophisticated cyber-attacks. In turn, large-scale data centers managing a huge volume of CPS data become vulnerable to cyber-attacks. To secure CPS, the role of security analytics and intelligence is significant. It brings together huge amounts of data to create threat patterns, which can be used to prevent cyber-attacks in a timely fashion. The primary objective of this Special Section in IEEE A CCESS is to collect a complementary and diverse set of articles, which demonstrate up-to-date information and innovative developments in the domain of security analytics and intelligence for CPS.

CPS (Cyber Physical System) is a multi-dimensional complex system that synthesizes computing, networking and physical environment, it implements a large engineering system of real-time perception, dynamic control and information service by the organic integration and highly collaborative of 3C technology.The article mainly designs and plans the architecture of Container Management system, it firstly introduces the concept and characteristics of the CPS, then it outlines the prospects and framework of the CPS in combination with container production management system, and make sure the system research platform.After optimizing the management system, it will make full use of the Internet to achieve the data of real-time, detailed and transparent, so as to provide convenience for the service goal.[1]