Abstract
Wastewater release into water bodies from industries, residential areas and institutions poses a great challenge to public health in many countries of the world, especially in the developing ones like Nigeria and Pakistan. The way and manner by which wastewater is treated (physico-chemically or biologically) has a significant impact on the health of humans and the receiving ecosystem. Wastewater treatment is important and its main objective is to reduce the concentrations of its pollutants to limits set by regulatory bodies before discharge to receiving waters or further treated for other purposes such as recreation, irrigation and drinking water production. Among the major parameters that are usually being treated are the dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Nitrogen (NO3-N, NH4-N), Phosphorus, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), microbes etc. Several treatment methods have been in use, however, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of the conventional approach that employs some physical, chemical and biological processes at the preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary stages in the treatment of water and wastewater from different sources.
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