Abstract
Despite the advancement made by the scientific community in the evolving photovoltaic technologies, including the achievement of a 29.1% power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells over the past two decades, there are still numerous challenges facing the advancement of lead-based halide perovskite absorbers for perovskite photovoltaic applications. Among the numerous challenges, the major concern is centered around the toxicity of the emerging lead-based halide perovskite absorbers, thereby leading to drawbacks for their pragmatic application and commercialization. Hence, the replacement of lead in the perovskite material with non-hazardous metal has become the central focus for the actualization of hybrid perovskite technology. This review focuses on lead-free hybrid halide perovskites as light absorbers with emphasis on how their chemical compositions influence optical properties, morphological properties, and to a certain extent, the stability of these perovskite materials.
Highlights
The evolving photovoltaic technologies have recently made possible the change of sunlight into electrical energy with elevated power conversion efficiencies at little expense [1]
A recent report on power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 15% from a planar model heterojunction perovskite solar cell was attributed to the development of extremely homogeneous flat films of the hybrid halide perovskite by vapor deposition [48]
Sb-based perovskite-like solar cells (PLSCs) obtained a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.34% and retained 90% of the preliminary PCE when kept under ambient surroundings for about 1400 h [143]
Summary
The evolving photovoltaic technologies have recently made possible the change of sunlight into electrical energy with elevated power conversion efficiencies at little expense [1]. It is well known that a metal halide perovskite can be formed based on three peculiar factors: (1) the materials must be made up of anions and cations, in which there must exist a charge neutrality between the negatively charged ions and positively charged ions; (2) the materials’ octahedral factor must be calculated whereby the octahedral factor μ tends to envisage the stability of the BX6 octahedron; and (3) the material formation strategy must meet the basic features of the Goldschmidt tolerance factor t for the ionic radii of A, B and X [25] Due to their outstanding electron–photon conversion efficiency, simplicity of assembly, and remarkable tolerance defects, a significant interest in the study of metal halogen-centered perovskite compounds has been witnessed in the past decades. The collective outcomes from the investigational studies on the lead-free metal perovskite are discussed with emphasis on how chemical composition influences optical and morphological properties, and limitations for future studies are identified
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