Abstract
Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Highlights
Piroplasmosis of equids commonly referred to as equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of equids caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the generaBabesia and Theileria [1]
This begins with nuclear division and subsequently leads to the formation merozoites survive forming a small round of bodies that float within the tick gut
In experimental B. caballi infection in horses, it was observed that nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF–α) and other cytokines enhanced protective response when produced in optimal amount that neutralized the parasites [35]
Summary
Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control. Onyiche 1,2, * , Keisuke Suganuma 3 , Ikuo Igarashi 3 , Naoaki Yokoyama 3 , Xuenan Xuan 3 and Oriel Thekisoe 1. National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary
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More From: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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