A Review on Application of Integrated Solar and Bioenergy Based Technology

Opportunities for solar water desalination worldwide: Review

Impact of solar energy cost on water production cost of seawater desalination plants in Egypt

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Desalination and the environment

The world demand for potable water is increasing steadily with growing population.Desalination using solar energy is suitable for potable water production from brackish and seawater.In this paper, we presents design, fabrication and testing of double slope solar still with external flatted and internal parabolic reflectors and also optimization of external flat reflector tilt angle for Egyptian climatic conditions.The external flat reflector tilted at (30°, 45°, 60° and 75°) on the horizontal plane.The depth of water inside basin still is 1cm.Experimental results were compared with conventional double slope solar still.Optimum tilt angle is found to be 60° with a maximum daily productivity of 9.89 lit/m 2 .

Desalination and the environment

Nowadays, shortage of the water resources is a global issue. Water desalination is a solution that can be used to solve the water shortage problem. Several methods have been proposed for water desalination and are categorized to membrane and non-membrane procedures. The most popular membrane processes are electrodialysis (ED) and reverse osmosis (RO); in contrast, the most popular non- membrane processes are capacitive deionization (CDI) and distillation. All water desalination procedures need energy supplies. The solar and Photovoltaic (PV) energy is potentially a desirable green energy supply for water desalination especially for non-residential areas where the grid is not available. In areas such as deserts and offshore stations, the PV solar energy is a practical and cost effective solution for water desalination systems. Where the grid connection is available, the PV and solar desalination systems produce fewer emissions. The PV energy needs to be processed through power electronic power conditioning systems. This paper proposes the application of PV power and solar energy to supply the water desalination systems.

A multi-model approach based on CARIMA-SARIMA-GPM for assessing the impacts of climate change on concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) potential

This study provides a review of solar energy in Iraq, as Iraq is one of the oil-rich countries that are considered more intelligent in the field of alternative energy for the post-oil era, especially as it is located near the solar belt, which makes the solar radiation of high intensity and brightness a period of the year. We must replace non-renewable energy resources (traditional or fossil fuels) with renewable (sustainable) energy resources. This renewable energy (solar energy) is possible, clean, unlimited and environmentally friendly, and it can be used in many applications of lighting, water heating and heating in the winter, and this Reduces the electricity needed during winter for this application. And if we talk about Mosul, the climate of Mosul It's marked by high summer and cold temperatures .degrees Celsius in the middle of the day, and in December, January and February, temperatures range from -1 degrees Celsius to 8 degrees Celsius. As Iraq is suffering from electricity shortages during this time, so the Iraqi government and the local government of Mosul in particular must take serious decisions and steps to confront and overcome these challenges, and develop developed strategies, and programs of specialized and expert people to meet the increases in demands on electric power. Renewable energies such as solar and wind energy which could play a significant role in Iraq's future , especially the solar energy covered in this study.

The shortage of freshwater is becoming a major threat to sustainable environmental development. Water desalination techniques provide solutions for freshwater requirements. Solar energy is considered as a plentiful and effortlessly available renewable energy. Desalination with solar energy is a suitable technique to convert brackish water into fresh water and that has received greater attention. The traditional desalination processes require a substantial quantity of energy, and with an extensive investigation of different methods of desalination, frameworks have experimented in the most recent couple of decades. The different types of desalination techniques using solar energy with exergy analysis are studied and presented in this review paper. The exergy performance cost affecting factors and the economic feasibility of several desalination plants such as solar stills, humidification and dehumidification, multi-effect distillation, reverse osmosis, and multi-stage flash desalination techniques are studied and reported in this paper. The present study revealed that the desalination of water using solar energy as an efficient as well as a cost-effective method as compared desalination of water with other energy sources.

Pakistan has remained an energy-deficient country, and most of the industrial sectors are closed due to the loading shedding of electricity. Even though Pakistan is located on the "solar belt" and receives over 2 MWh/m2 solar irradiation per year with 1500-3000 h of sunshine, unfortunately solar energy is not harnessed to fulfill the energy needs of the country. Solar flat plate collectors (SFPC) are widely employed for collecting solar radiations from the sun. Currently, worldwide solar thermal energy is widely used in household and commercial equipment for energy collection and utilization. The working fluid selected for this research work is water; numerical simulations were performed using Ansys FLUENT. On selected geographical coordinates, solar ray tracing model was employed to incorporate solar heat flux. Nawabshah (NWB), Hyderabad (HYB), Jacobabad (JCB), and Mirpurkhas (MPK) cities were selected for the measuring of performance of SPFC. Firstly, parallel to ground (at a 0° tilt angle) orientation of SFPC was performed. Furthermore, the performance of SFPC was measured using tilt angles of 15°, 30°, and 45°, respectively. The maximum exit water temperature in JCB at a tilt angle of 30° was 97.8 °C in March and a minimum of 88.09 °C in June. In HYD, at a tilt angle of 45°, the maximum temperature rise was recorded at 98.01 °C in November and the minimum was noticed at 76.37 °C in June. While in JCA, at an angle of 30°, the highest temperature was recorded at 97.83 °C in February and a minimum of 78.54 °C in June. The specific aim of this research study was to measure the performance of the SFPC at different tilt angles and at varying geographical coordinates through numerical simulations.

In industrialised countries, the utilisation of solar energy is not yet self-evident. Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy and at the most water power dominate the primary energy supply as they have done in the past, and this can be expected to continue for some decades. On the other hand, less developed countries (LDC's) - often located in the world's solar belt - not infrequently derive 50% or more of their primary energy demand from solar energy, mostly as water power and biomass. This paper aims to show that solar energy utilisation, often in connection with energy conservation, can play a useful role also in industrialised countries; especially when greater care of the environment has become urgent; furthermore, solar energy conversion equipment is not at all unattractive for those markets where a large low to medium temperature process heat demand exists; and finally solar energy can, in principle, be converted into a storable synthetic energy carrier and thus contribute to the perpetuation of the...

Malaysia and Southeast Asia in general, is a very suitable region for implementing solar technologies because Malaysia is located near the equatorial line, where sunlight remains strong and stable throughout the year. The average solar radiation per month is 400–600MJ/m, so Malaysia should fully utilise solar energy because it is clean and sustainable. Solar energy can be considered as renewable energy that is environmentally friendly and can be continually replenished from time to time. The use of renewable energy is expected to increase exponentially in the future because natural resources could become depleted due to the increasing usage due to growing population in a world hungry for energy consumption for domestic, industrial and leisure purposes. Solar energy can provide infinite amount of energy because the sun can last for another few billions of years from now. So, many advanced nations have developed solar technologies to be implemented in a variety of sectors that include power generation and domestic water heating. The geographical location of Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries has enabled this region to be different from Western European countries that could only utilise solar energy through technology. Malaysia is located near the equatorial line, and so the sunlight in Malaysia remains strong and stable throughout the year. The average solar radiation per month for Malaysia is 400–600MJ/m, and hence the country has a very high prospect to develop large-scale solar power plants. For now, Malaysian government is putting a lot of effort to promote solar energy use in Malaysia. The initial implementation of solar energy in Malaysia is for domestic solar water heaters. Unfortunately, the use of solar water heaters domestically and commercially is still low. According to estimate, around 45,000 buildings in Malaysia are appropriate for solar thermal usage, but 10% of them are not suitable because of roof shadings and structure. Different economic sectors in Malaysia can provide 110,000,000m of building surfaces for solar thermal applications and so about 75GW of power can be produced from this application. The photovoltaic (PV) technology was first built in Malaysia during 1980s in order to provide electricity to rural areas. Tenaga Nasional Bierhad, the national utility company, began to set up grid-connected PV systems as an alternative for national power utility and power production in 1998. One PV system was built at a British Petroleum petrol station along KESAS highway with 8 kWp capacity and another one built at the Solar Energy Research Institute at National University of Malaysia with 5.5 kWp capacity. In 2000, the first Malaysian Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system was built in Port Dickson with 3.15 kWp capacity. Malaysia’s universities are focusing on five majors of R&D for solar technologies, including inverters, PV concentrators, cells fabrications, hybrid systems and energy conversion tracking systems. The funding for the research in PV technologies is provided by Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI). Malaysian government also provides tax incentives so that a portion of the total cost of installing PV system can be deducted. The Feed-InTariffs can be the most promising policy because the utility pays a prestige price for the grid-connected PV electricity generated by system proprietors, and there is a 20-year of guarantee for the price. In short, Malaysia has a huge prospect to implement large-scale solar thermal systems. A solar collector is a type of heat exchanger that converts solar radiant energy into heat energy. Flat plate collector (FPC) is a type of solar thermal collectors. It will require minimal maintenance and is mechanically simple and with low installation cost. Major applications of solar energy like solar water heating, industrial process heating and air conditioning are using FPCs. Thermal performance for FPCs is treated in concise details, and the equations for collector performance can be reduced to simpler forms for performance analysis. Evacuated tube collectors (ETCs) contain heat pipe inside a vacuum-sealed tube. The

Water, otherwise known as the pool of life, is the very essence of all living things and as such is vital for survival, whether for living beings, social, economic development or for environmental sustainability. However, its continuing existence is severely threatened for future as a result of climate change, carbon footprint, population growth, environmental damage, combined with natural disasters like droughts and floods. The prospect of an alternative solution such as desalination of sea or brackish water to counter the limit on conventional water resources such as groundwater, which cannot meet demand, is therefore very promising, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where water scarcity and impaired quality prevails. Consequently, desalination technology has now become a burgeoning industry in North Africa or southern Mediterranean countries, such as in Libya. However, evidence suggests that as a result of by-products being discharged directly into the sea, particularly from coastal desalination plants, the physico-chemical parameters of the receiving water are changing and posing a threat to marine ecosystems. As a result of studies conducted on these parameters to analyse the brine emitted from the Zwuarah and the West Tripoli distillation plants (ZWDP & WTRIS) on the Libyan coastline, evidence shows there is a significant positive correlation at both sites between the biological data and physico-chemical parameters (rs=0.673; p=0.002) and (rs=0.637; p=0.003), which is a clear indication of the impact of brine disposal from both plants on the marine environment. For most of coastal desalination plants on the Libyan coastline, the most practical and least expensive brine disposal option is to discharge it into the sea. It is necessary therefore, to effectively manage desalination reject brine in order to ensure more efficient disposal and reuse. Therefore, it is suggested that experimental studies are aimed for dual benefit of on-site generation of sodium hypochlorite through brine electrolysis and to recover minerals and NaCl from the brine using evaporation ponds, while protecting the environment. Following the first experiment, the outcome of brine utilisation showed a significant production of NaOCl using graphite electrodes (MCCA 1.82 gr/m3). At interelectrode spacing 2 cm and 4 cm, the power consumption was higher, with a greater concentration of sodium hypochlorite generation varying between 10-25 kw/m3 (573-2140ppm) and 29-24 kwm-3 (572-2600ppm) than at interelectrode spacing 6cm 17-13 kwm-3 (350-1790ppm). Consequently, the selection of an optimum electrical consumption level is key in establishing the best scenario in terms of economy and efficiency. Subsequent to the second experiment of brine evaporation in the ponds, results showed that the evaporation rate in August was lower than in September (9.06 mmday-1, 14.63 mmday-1) respectively. The results of the SEM/EDS test showed that due to elevated surges of Na+ and Cl-, halite (NaCl) was the main mineral evident during crystallisation of the salt samples. Hence, the two experiments reveal that brine can be recycled productively, while protecting the environment.