A review of issues, characteristics, and management for wastewater due to hydraulic fracturing in the U.S.

Abstract

The large-scale extraction of unconventional resources from shale reservoirs utilizing horizontal hydraulic fracturing has significantly improved economic development in U.S. However, the increased well production has been accompanied by rising concerns about potential impact resulting from excessive freshwater usage and wastewater generation. Currently, water issues have become increasingly challenging with the development of shale reservoirs. In this paper, technical, economic, and environmental challenges encountered during energy production are reviewed with a focus on water issues due to hydraulic fracturing in the U.S. Moreover, the detailed discussion of characteristics and contaminant sources of wastewater indicates the wastewater composition is complicated and varies over time and location. Understanding these factors contributed to high contaminant levels of wastewaters is important to grow awareness of the impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water quality for both operators and the public. Furthermore, pertinent wastewater management strategies for different purposes are highlighted. Although there is no one-size-fits-all solution, understanding the advantages and limitations of different treatment methods is critical for decision-makers to develop appropriate management system. The aim behind this review is to provide a reference for selecting better and practical solutions for current wastewater issues and identifying key issues for future research.