A review of graphene, nanocellulose, and graphene/nanocellulose hybrid reinforced biopolymer composites in electronic applications

Biopolymer Composites in Electronics

The polymeric composite material with desirable features can be gained by selecting suitable biopolymers with selected additives to get polymer-filler interaction. Several parameters can be modified according to the design requirements, such as chemical structure, degradation kinetics, and biopolymer composites’ mechanical properties. The interfacial interactions between the biopolymer and the nanofiller have substantial control over biopolymer composites’ mechanical characteristics. This review focuses on different applications of biopolymeric composites in controlled drug release, tissue engineering, and wound healing with considerable properties. The biopolymeric composite materials are required with advanced and multifunctional properties in the biomedical field and regenerative medicines with a complete analysis of routine biomaterials with enhanced biomedical engineering characteristics. Several studies in the literature on tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound dressing have been mentioned. These results need to be reviewed for possible development and analysis, which makes an essential study.

Biopolymer composite has gained huge attention for its beneficial properties such as biodegradable and less impact to the environment. This consequently would diminish the dependency on the petroleum-based polymer. Abundance of studies have been done on the development and characterization of biopolymer composite materials for food packaging application, but work on the conceptual design of biopolymer composite packaging product is hardly found. Using the Kano Model, Quality Function Deployment for Environment (QFDE), morphological map, and Analytic Hierarchy Method (AHP) framework combination, this paper presents the conceptual design of a natural fibre reinforced biopolymer composites take-out food container. To understand customer satisfaction with the current use of takeout food containers, the Kano model was applied, and the findings were integrated into QFDE. The highest weight of voices of customer and environment (VOCE) as the solution parameters for the design characteristics were later refined using the aid of morphological chart (MC) to systematically develop conceptual designs. Lastly, AHP was utilized to pick the final concept design. The concept design with the highest score (8.3%) was chosen as the final conceptual design.

The intersection between nanoscience and additive manufacturing technology has resulted in a new field of printable and flexible electronics. This interesting area of research tackles the challenges in the development of novel materials and fabrication techniques towards a wider range and improved design of flexible electronic devices. This work presents the fabrication of a cost-effective and facile flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor using a 3D-printable carbon nanotube-based nanocomposite. The carbon nanotubes used for the development of the material are multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prepolymer. The sensor was fabricated using the direct ink writing (DIW) technique (also referred to as robocasting). The MWCNT-PDMS composite was directly printed onto the polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The sensor response was then examined based on the resistance change to the applied load. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity (6.3 Ω/kPa) over a wide range of applied pressure (up to 1132 kPa); the highest observed measurement range for MWCNT-PDMS composite in previous work was 40 kPa. The formulated MWCNT-PDMS composite was also printed into high-resolution 3-dimensional shapes which maintained their form even after heat treatment process. The possibility to use 3D printing in the fabrication of flexible sensors allows design freedom and flexibility, and structural complexity with wide applications in wearable or implantable electronics for sport, automotive and biomedical fields.

In recent years, biopolymers are getting wide attention with the perspective of developing high‐performance biocomposites with low environmental impact owing to their unique and useful features such as abundant availability, renewability, eco‐friendliness and lightweight. Biopolymer composites are expected to replace many conventional materials in optical, biological, and engineering applications as the investment and research on these materials increase substantially. The desired properties of biopolymer composites can be achieved by blending an appropriate biopolymer with suitable additives, which pave the way for polymer‐filler interaction. A variety of parameters such as chemical composition, degradation kinetics and mechanical properties of biopolymer composites can be tailored according to the application needs. The interfacial interactions between the biopolymer and the nanofiller have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of biopolymer composites. The present review is focused on the recent advances in the mechanical properties of various biopolymer composites. In the first part of this review, the unfamiliar mechanical characterization techniques such as fatigue test, nanoindentation and nondestructive testing of biopolymer composites have been discussed. In the later part, the various popular processing techniques of biocomposite fabrication have been discussed. In addition, in the conclusion section, few challenges associated with the processing and mechanical performance of biopolymer composites have been described.

4 - Filler matrix interfaces of inorganic/biopolymer composites and their applications

3 - Effects of surface modification on polymeric biocomposites for orthopedic applications

The impact of Alternaria multiformis on novel polymeric biocomposites formed from epoxidized linseed oil and various types of fillers: pine needles (PN), pine bark (PB), grain mill waste (GW), rapeseed cake (RC) and specimen without filler (WF) under different pH and temperature conditions has been studied. Identification of fungal strain A. multiformis 0065 isolated from synthetic polymer was based on molecular and morphological analysis. Tested fungal strain showed significant production of polyphenol oxidase and weak production of amylase, endoglucanase, xylanase, and lipase. Polymeric biocomposites PB, GW, RC, and WF exposed to A. multiformis for four weeks showed the greatest weight loss at pH 4 or pH 5 and at a temperature of 26 °C, suggesting the optimal conditions for biodegradation of polymeric biocomposites studied. The attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed biodegradation of polymeric biocomposites after fungal attack. ATR-IR technique revealed changes in the intensities of the signals, demonstrating dependence of degradation on the type of the filler. SEM analysis showed significant alterations of the specimen surfaces, indicating degradative impact of A. multiformis. Identification of the most biodegraded constituents could help in the creation of more environmentally friendly biocomposites.

Progress in recovery, recycling and reuse of polymers, biopolymers and their composites

17 - Biopolymer Composites in Photovoltaics and Photodetectors

Biopolymer Composites

The rising consumption of coffee produces significant waste, posing environmental challenges. However, coffee waste serves as a low‐cost, abundant source of biocompounds to enhance polymer composites. The review examines the use of coffee waste as a filler in polymer matrices to create eco‐friendly composites with improved mechanical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Chemical modifications of coffee waste further enhance these properties, making it a viable material for sustainable applications. The study highlights recent advancements in biopolymer composites using coffee industry byproducts, emphasizing their composition, characteristics, and sustainability benefits. This approach supports circular economy initiatives by converting waste into valuable materials, addressing both waste management and material sustainability. Future research will focus on optimizing processing techniques and exploring new applications for cost‐effective, sustainable production of polymer composites from coffee waste. Highlights Coffee waste offers a low‐cost, eco‐friendly filler for biopolymers. Coffee byproducts enhance polymer's antioxidant, antibacterial traits. Waste utilization aligns with sustainability, reducing environmental impact. Chemical treatments enhance coffee waste's contribution to biopolymers. Future research to focus on cost‐effective, sustainable material production.

Biopolymer composites have received increasing attention for their beneficial properties such as being biodegradable and having less influence to the environment. Biodegradability of materials has become a desired feature due to the growing problems connected with waste management. The aim of the paper is to emphasize the importance of biodegradable textile materials, especially nonwoven materials with an anti-pathogenic layer. The article refers to the definitions of biodegradation, degradation and composting processes, as well as presenting methods of testing biodegradability depending on the type of material. The study gives examples of biodegradation of textiles and presents examples of qualitative and quantitative methods used for testing antimicrobial activity of biodegradable nonwovens with an anti-pathogenic layer.

The impact of manufacturing technologies in the electronics field on the development of materials and components is evaluated. As an example, it is shown that the advanced manufacturing technology for ultrafine particles has clearly had a substantial influence on the development of new materials and components. Also considered is the impact of the development of materials and components on manufacturing technologies. It is concluded that since the development of materials and components would not be possible without the support of manufacturing technologies, their development must be conducted more tightly in tandem with manufacturing technologies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The femtosecond laser sintering of metal nanoparticles was studied in order to fabricate submicron-sized metal patterns on flexible polymer substrates for various applications in the electronic and photonic industries. In this process, a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser beam was tightly focused on silver nanoparticles. To achieve a homogeneous dispersion of the silver nanoparticles, the nanoparticles were prepared using a two-phase reduction method wherein the silver nanoparticles were encapsulated by functional surfactants. The key advantage of the femtosecond laser sintering process is that it reduces the heat-affected zone during sintering, as the femtosecond (10–15 s) laser pulse is shorter than the heat diffusion time (picosecond: 10–12 s). Therefore, sintering of metal nanoparticles is limited to the laser focal spot and the thermal diffusion effect is suppressed, enabling the realisation of submicron-sized metal patterns on flexible polymer substrates. Through this process, metal conductors with submicron-sized features and high conductivity were successfully fabricated. As demonstrated by the obtained results, the femtosecond laser sintering of metal nanoparticles is a process that offers direct, low-temperature, ultra-high-resolution results, and which will have numerous further applications in flexible electronics.