Abstract
Shale oil and gas resources contribute significantly to the energy production in the U.S. Greenhouse gas emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels from potential sources of power plants, oil refineries, and flaring or venting of produced gas (primarily methane) in oilfields. Economic utilization of greenhouse gases in shale reservoirs not only increases oil or gas recovery, but also contributes to CO2 sequestration. In this paper, the feasibility and efficiency of gas injection approaches, including huff-n-puff injection and gas flooding in shale oil/gas/condensate reservoirs are discussed based on the results of in-situ pilots, and experimental and simulation studies. In each section, one type of shale reservoir is discussed, with the following aspects covered: (1) Experimental and simulation results for different gas injection approaches; (2) mechanisms of different gas injection approaches; and (3) field pilots for gas injection enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and enhanced gas recovery (EGR). Based on the experimental and simulation studies, as well as some successful field trials, gas injection is deemed as a potential approach for EOR and EGR in shale reservoirs. The enhanced recovery factor varies for different experiments with different rock/fluid properties or models incorporating different effects and shale complexities. Based on the simulation studies and successful field pilots, CO2 could be successfully captured in shale gas reservoirs through gas injection and huff-n-puff regimes. The status of flaring gas emissions in oilfields and the outlook of economic utilization of greenhouse gases for enhanced oil or gas recovery and CO2 storage were given in the last section. The storage capacity varies in different simulation studies and is associated with well design, gas injection scheme and operation parameters, gas adsorption, molecular diffusion, and the modelling approaches.
Highlights
Fossil fuels, including petroleum, natural gas, and coal, are the primary source of energy in the United States [1]
Shale reservoirs worldwide are associated with high total organic carbon (TOC), with an estimated reserve that is equivalent to 345 billion barrels of oil and 7299 trillion cubic feet of gas [2]
Based on the initial fluid properties and phases at the reservoir condition, as well as the phase behavior changes during the production process, shale reservoirs are grouped into three categories: shale oil reservoirs, shale gas reservoirs, and shale
Summary
Fossil fuels, including petroleum, natural gas, and coal, are the primary source of energy in the United States (total of 81% in 2016) [1]. To meet the expanding demand for petroleum and natural gas, great attention has been given to the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Unconventional reservoirs can be categorized into the tight and shale reservoirs, coalbed methane reservoirs, gas hydrates, heavy oil, and tar sands, among others. Shale reservoirs worldwide are associated with high total organic carbon (TOC), with an estimated reserve that is equivalent to 345 billion barrels of oil and 7299 trillion cubic feet of gas [2]. Two advanced technologies—horizontal drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing—have been successfully applied in shales and made it profitable to boost oil or gas production from such tight formations. In 2015, oil and gas production from unconventional shale oil and gas plays was
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