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A field survey was conducted in peri urban and urban areas of Hyderabad city of Telangana state. The data was collected from hundred farmers selected from ten mandals by simple random sampling method for the study. The data on feeding and breeding management practices was collected by personal contact by using a pre-tested questionnaire. The study revealed that farmers followed colostrum feeding to new born calves, fed concentrates in soaked form before milking to the lactating animals, practiced hay making, provided extra allowance during advanced pregnancy and fed mineral supplements. Proper heat detection and insemination of the animals at right time was significantly (P>0.01) higher in peri urban areas than urban area. Majority of farmers followed combination of A.I and natural service for mating of their animals. Most of the farmers followed pregnancy diagnosis at three months in the peri urban (82.0%) area than in urban (36.0%) area. Majority of the dairy farmers bred their animals between 3-5 months after calving in urban and peri-urban areas. Overall farmers were well aware of scientific and organized herd management practices.

Background and Aim:Eid al-Adha is one of the most important festivals celebrated by Muslims in Indonesia. Roadside livestock traders open their stalls during the Eid al-Adha period. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and behaviors of roadside livestock traders in urban and peri-urban areas in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.Materials and Methods:In-depth interviews with 36 roadside livestock traders were conducted on August 7-23, 2018 in urban (n=20) and peri-urban (n=16) areas of Yogyakarta. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive and statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance.Results:The results indicate that the trading activities of roadside livestock traders in urban areas last longer (p<0.05) than in peri-urban areas. No difference was found in the opening day of stalls, the number of buyers, and trends in animal prices set by roadside livestock traders in urban and peri-urban areas. Most traders sell sheep and goats, buy livestock at the animal market, and only open their stalls during Eid al-Adha. Prices are high in this period, and buyers directly visit the stalls. A significant difference exists in the selling price of livestock between Eid al-Adha and ordinary days (non-festival), and most roadside traders benefit from the Eid al-Adha momentum.Conclusion:Significant similarities exist among roadside livestock traders during the Eid al-Adha period in urban and peri-urban areas of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sheep are more desirable than goats and cattle in this period, and Eid al-Adha generates a high profit for roadside livestock traders.

City-level estimates of ambient ozone concentrations and associated disease burdens are sparsely available, especially for low and middle-income countries. Recently available high-resolution gridded global ozone concentration estimates allow for estimating ozone concentrations and mortality at urban scales and for urban-rural catchment areas worldwide. We applied existing fine resolution global surface ozone estimates, developed by integrating observations (8834 sites globally) with nine atmospheric chemistry models, in an epidemiologically-derived health impact function to estimate chronic respiratory disease mortality worldwide in 2019. We compared ozone season daily maximum 8 h mixing ratio concentrations and ozone-attributable mortality for urban areas worldwide (including cities and densely-populated towns), and their surrounding peri-urban, peri-rural, and rural areas. In 2019, population-weighted mean ozone among all urban-rural catchment areas was greatest in peri-urban areas (52 ppb), followed by urban areas (cities and towns; 49 ppb). Of 423 100 estimated global ozone-attributable deaths, 37% (147 100) occurred in urban areas, where 40% of the world’s population resides, and 56% (254 000) occurred in peri-urban areas (<1 h from an urban area), where 47% of the world’s population resides. Across 12 946 cities (excluding towns), average population-weighted mean ozone was 51 ppb (sd = 13 ppb, range = 10–78 ppb). Three quarters of the ozone-attributable deaths worldwide (77%; 112 700) occurred in cities of South and East Asia. City-level ozone-attributable mortality rates varied by a factor of 10 across world regions. Ozone levels and attributable mortality were greatest in Asian and African cities; however, cities of higher-income regions, like high-income Asia Pacific and North America, continue to experience high ozone concentrations and attributable mortality rates, despite successful national air quality measures for reducing ozone precursor emissions. The disproportionate magnitude of ozone mortality compared with population size in peri-urban areas indicates that reducing ozone precursor emissions in places that influence peri-urban concentrations can yield substantial health benefits in these areas.

Peri-urban regions are located in the fringes of an existing city and are important in the urban transportation planning process of the city. The present research analyzes the differential impact of socio-demographic factors on the travel behavior of urban and a peri-urban areas. Specifically, the current study, at first, performs a descriptive multivariate mode share comparison between motorized two-wheelers and Non-Motorized Transport (NMT). Further, it estimates a mode choice model and a trip distance model to determine the marginal effects of socio-demographic and transportation system characteristics. Interaction terms are introduced in the utility function of the mode choice model using a peri-urban indicator to delineate the differential impact of socio-demographic factors in urban and peri-urban areas. The estimated mode choice model gave a comparatively good fit with the data (47 and 27.5%). The significance of the interaction terms indicated a difference in the influence of travel characteristics between urban and peri-urban areas. Gender has a significant influence on the mode choice with females in both urban and peri-urban region having a positive disposition toward NMT. In both regions, an increase in the travel distance reduced the use of non-motorized modes and increased the use of private vehicles. From a social equity perspective, there was a huge scope for promotion of public transport and non-motorized transport in the peri-urban areas. Further, paratransit could be contemplated as a solution to overcome the poor connectivity in the radial routes of peri-urban areas.KeywordsSocio-demographicsMode choiceNon-motorized transportMotorized two-wheelersPeri-urban areas

Surrounding residential greenness and mental health: Findings from the French CONSTANCES cohort.

Ever-accelerated urbanization and climate change pose significant challenges for sustainability especially in Pakistan. This study examines the social and economic features associated with the emission of CO2 from the household sector in Pakistan. This research concept constructed on the questionnaire and interview-based survey of 280 household respondents from seven major urban and peri-urban areas to estimate carbon emission from residential consumption from Faisalabad city of Pakistan in 2024 through conducting a survey and for carbon metric tons calculation, the webleading calculator for carbon emission has been used. Carbon emissions in urban areas from the primary sources of household are 0.99 metric tons in urban areas and 0.23 metric tons in peri urban from electricity, Gas, and oil burning, 3.29 and 3.10 from transport carbon emissions respectively in urban and peri-urban areas. Secondary Carbon emission sources contribute 2.520 metric tons in urban areas and 2.02 in other areas. These results indicate that socio-economic features (Income, house size, family size, and electricity bills) are the main contributors as Overall carbon emission is 3.98 metric tons from urban areas and 3.28 in peri urban area that represents 2/3 of carbon emission in the atmosphere, showing the scarcity of low carbon emission policies in the city. These verdicts highlight emission of carbon due to household’s activties poses serious challenges in achieving the SDGs goals for the green economy and society. Formulating custom-made strategies for areas and household usage is compulsory to minimize the issue and accomplish towards sustainable future for Pakistan.

Triangle of Environment, Water and Energy: A Sociological Appraisal

Urban and peri-urban areas are considered to be at lower risk of malaria compared to rural areas because of improved housing, higher socioeconomic status, improved environmental sanitation, and a limited number of breeding sites for mosquitoes. Reports have shown that there is an increased prevalence of malaria in urban and peri-urban areas but it has not been established which of these areas is at risk. The aim of this study, therefore, is to determine the prevalence rate of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection among children in urban and peri-urban areas of Rivers State. A total of 601 and 500 blood samples were collected from urban and peri-urban areas respectively and examined using standard microscopy technique for detection of malaria parasites in blood samples. From the urban area, 282 tested positive out of 601 blood samples that were examined, giving the prevalence rate of 47% while in the peri-urban settlement, a total of 210 out of 500 tested positive to Plasmodium falciparum giving the prevalence rate of 42%. When the age was considered, the highest prevalence was recorded in children between 1-3 years and 7-12 years in urban settlement while in peri-urban, the highest prevalence was recorded in children between the age of 4-6 years with a prevalence of 45% and 46% respectively. Although the prevalence rates are relatively high. There is no significant difference between the prevalence rate in urban areas and that of peri-urban areas. Conclusively, intensive efforts should be made in controlling malaria parasites not only in rural areas but also in urban and peri-urban areas in Rivers State.

Prevalence of anti- Neospora caninum antibodies in dogs from urban, periurban and rural areas of the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais—Brazil

Groundwater quality in the Pearl River Delta after the rapid expansion of industrialization and urbanization: Distributions, main impact indicators, and driving forces

Canine American visceral leishmaniasis and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) cases have been recorded in Espírito Santo do Pinhal. The aim of this study was to gather knowledge of the sand fly community and its population ecology within the municipality. Captures were made weekly over a period of 15 months in the urban, periurban and rural areas of the municipality, using automatic light traps. A total of 5,562 sand flies were collected, comprising 17 species. The most abundant species were Nyssomyia whitmani and Pintomyia pessoai in the rural area, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Ny. whitmani in the periurban area and Lu. longipalpis in the urban area. The highest species richness and greatest index species diversity were found in the rural area. The similarity index showed that urban and periurban areas were most alike. Lu. longipalpis was found in great numbers during both dry and humid periods. The presence of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum chagasi in the urban area indicates a high risk for the establishment of the disease in the region. A high abundance of Ny. whitmani and Pi. pessoai in the rural and periurban areas indicates the possibility of new cases of ACL occurring in and spreading to the periurban area of Espírito Santo do Pinhal.

In West Africa, malaria is one of the leading causes of disease-induced deaths. Existing studies indicate that as urbanization increases, there is corresponding decrease in malaria prevalence. However, in malaria-endemic areas, the prevalence in some rural areas is sometimes lower than in some peri-urban and urban areas. Therefore, the relationship between the degree of urbanization, the impact of living in urban areas, and the prevalence of malaria remains unclear. This study explores this association in Ghana, using epidemiological data at the district level (2015-2018) and data on health, hygiene, and education. We applied a multilevel model and time series decomposition to understand the epidemiological pattern of malaria in Ghana. Then we classified the districts of Ghana into rural, peri-urban, and urban areas using administratively defined urbanization, total built areas, and built intensity. We converted the prevalence time series into cross-sectional data for each district by extracting features from the data. To predict the determinant most impacting according to the degree of urbanization, we used a cluster-specific random forest. We find that prevalence is impacted by seasonality, but the trend of the seasonal signature is not noticeable in urban and peri-urban areas. While urban districts have a slightly lower prevalence, there are still pockets with higher rates within these regions. These areas of high prevalence are linked to proximity to water bodies and waterways, but the rise in these same variables is not associated with the increase of prevalence in peri-urban areas. The increase in nightlight reflectance in rural areas is associated with an increased prevalence. We conclude that urbanization is not the main factor driving the decline in malaria. However, the data indicate that understanding and managing malaria prevalence in urbanization will necessitate a focus on these contextual factors. Finally, we design an interactive tool, 'malDecision' that allows data-supported decision-making.

Extending Public Water Supply in Peri-Urban Area: Technical-Engineering, Economic, and Environmental Consideration

Urbanicity Gradients Are Associated with the Household- and Individual-Level Double Burden of Malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa

Histochemical and molecular evaluation of the prevalence of Leishmania spp. in hematophagous insects