A Review of Certification Compliance Assessment for Nonresettable Protection Devices in eVTOL Applications

The international Scientific Electric Power Conference held annually at the Institute of Energy and Transport System, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, has created a platform for summarizing research in the technical fields of knowledge in higher educational institutions, research institutes, large industrial enterprises, research and production associations and individual scientists. The aim of the conference is to contribute to informing scientists and practitioners about the most promising areas of research and achievements in the field of electric power industry.The present proceedings include the selected papers of the ISEPC-2019, which took place in St. Petersburg, Russia, on 23rd and 24th of May, 2019. This installment of the conference has focused generally on the discussion of the modern achievements of scientists, the possibilities and problems of developments implementations to improve the energy efficiency and reliability of electrical systems. More than 100 scientists from Europe, Asia and America took part in the Conference. 70 oral reports and more than 30 poster presentations were made. The key topics included in the proceedings are as follows:– Electrical Technology– Power Stations– Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution– Energy Storage– Electrical Machines and Devices– Power Electronics– Operation of Electrical Power System– Control of Electrical Power System– Power System Protection– Diagnostics and Maintenance– Reliability and Safety– Smart grids– Information Systems– Renewable energy– Energy efficiency.We would like to thank everyone who was part of this conference and look forward to seeing everyone again next year at ISEPC 2020 dedicated to the 100 year anniversary of the USSR electrification plan.Conference Chairs.On behalf of the ISEPC Conference Committee,prof. N.V. Korovkin and prof. V.Ya. Frolov,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.List of Oral Presentations, Poster Session, A guided tour of key laboratories and research centers and images are available in this pdf.

Aircraft Noise Pollution in Communities living close to commercial passenger airports world-wide could have been avoided if, following the Second World War, Governments and Local Planners had built very large commercial airports according to strong directives and regulations preventing the building of residential houses in zones in the vicinity to the airport boundary. Today the challenge is to use the experience gained in recent years on ∞ow and noise control in respect of quiet aircraft noise reduction technology(QAT) and its applications, capable of reducing and even eventually eliminating the aircraft noise problem within communities close to airports. In this study the necessary parameters are set out for the design of such future aircraft having safe ∞ight trajectories at takeofi and approach to landing when over∞ying residential areas close to all airports. To achieve this future noise reduction goal it is necessary to extend the present QAT program, based on an interim solution requiring the refurbishment of existing conventional takeofi and landing (CTOL) aircraft to reduce by 10dB the noise in communities close to the airport. It will be shown that to achieve the extended goal the likelihood is that all commercial aircraft will need to ∞y higher and slower in over∞ying residential areas involving a revolution in the low speed operation of all air transport. Residents, however, would then flnally recognize by sight and sound that technology, supported by Governments and Local Authorities, has at last produced a solution to this long standing aggravation of aircraft noise nuisance and annoyance in residential communities. The difierent types of aircraft capable of meeting this challenge are reviewed in the current study. It is shown that one solution to this problem is to changeover from CTOL aircraft to short takeofi and landing(STOL) aircraft operating with Circulation Control. This would eliminate the need for the flnal approach to landing along the 3 ‐ ILS glide slope, involving over∞ying at low altitude communities living close to an airport. Such a revolution in ATC, ∞y-by-wire and pilot handling in replacing this tried and tested approach, by a slower speed STOL circulation control aircraft ∞ying a new safe steep approach path trajectory with the aircraft ∞ying at a low shallow nose up attitude relative to the ground will need pilot approval with FAA and International acceptance. The flnal approach would follow a continuous descent trajectory from cruise to an altitude near 1000m with a changeover to STOL operation for the flnal approach to landing. Such a STOL approach to landing is similar to that used by helicopters. There exists a vast amount of knowledge and experience on this type of STOL aircraft, which has been used successfully for military and small commercial aircraft on short-haul operations. This approach to landing will allow an increase in the slant distance from aircraft to people on the ground, and thereby reduce the noise in residential communities close to the airport. Current research is now focused on the optimization of this type of aircraft for small, medium and large commercial aircraft to ensure this type of aircraft can not only meet all its cruise and low speed performance and economic goals with safe ∞ight trajectories, but also those specially related to the large noise reduction predictions that will need conflrmation in the communities close to airports at take-ofi and on the approach to landing. Little research has been directed so far to the assessment of the noise, and methods for its reduction, for the circulation control aircraft ∞ying a steep approach trajectory. The aim of this study is to seek a revolution in the optimum design of the STOL circulation control aircraft ∞ying safe and acceptable low speed and ‘low’ noise trajectories for all commercial passenger aircraft, including both subsonic and supersonic aircraft. The aim is to ensure all aircraft over∞ying residential areas maintain a separation distance of at least 1000m.

Operating nuclear power plants typically have backup electrical power supplied by diesel generators. Although backup power systems are designed with redundant trains, each capable of supplying the power requirements for safe shutdown equipment, there is a common-mode seismic failure risk inherent in these customary backup power arrangements. In an earthquake, multiple equipment trains with similar, if not identical, components located side-by-side are exposed to inertial forces that are essentially identical. In addition, because of their similar subcomponent configurations, seismic fragilities are approximately equal. In that case, the probability of multiple backup power system failures during an earthquake is likely to be dependent on, and nearly the same as, the individual seismic failure probability of each equipment train. Post-earthquake inspections at conventional multiple unit power stations over the last 40 years identified this common-mode seismic failure risk long before the tsunami-related common-mode failures of diesel generators at Fukushima Daiichi in March 2011. Experience data from post-earthquake inspections also indicate that failure probabilities of diverse sets of power generation equipment are independent and inherently less susceptible to common-mode failures. This paper demonstrates that employing diverse backup power designs will deliver quantifiable improvements in electrical system availability following an earthquake. These improvements are illustrated from available literature of post-earthquake inspection reports, along with other firsthand observations. A case study of the seismic performance of similarly configured electrical power generation systems is compared to the performance of diverse sets of electrical power systems. Seismic probabilistic risk analyses for several system configurations are presented to show the benefit of improved post-earthquake availability that results from designing new backup power systems with greater diversity.

At present, the economy and society in China has developed, and infrastructure construction in China has been effectively upgraded and developed. Especially in the power industry, power and other facilities and equipment have good development prospects. Based on the background of informatization, power enterprises innovate and create themselves to meet the power demand of all users in our country. By introducing such Internet technologies as big data, power equipment can be effectively improved and upgraded. However, in the context of modern network technology, in the process of power system upgrading and transformations, attention should be paid to the protection and safety of power system to avoid security problems resulting from incompatibility between software system and power system. Therefore, this paper mainly analyzes the current status of security and protection of power system, discusses the problems of software testing system in security and protection of power system based on modern network information technology, and analyzes the application of software testing technology in security and protection of power monitoring system, so as to effectively avoid the loopholes and reduce risks in security and protection of power system.

The Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plant (KSNP) has adopted the digital plant protection system (PPS) to enhance the reliability and safety of the plant. Although the digital PPS can be designed with high reliability, it is considered to be vulnerable to common mode failure (CMF) in the system software, resulting in a total loss of the built-in hardware redundancy. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation has been performed to demonstrate the intrinsic capability of the KSNP design in coping with the design-basis events concurrent with CMF in the digital PPS. Instead of the conservative bounding analysis methodology, a best-estimate analysis methodology has been developed and utilized since the design-basis events accompanied by CMF in the digital PPS are categorized as beyond-design-basis events. An additional reactor trip function on high containment pressure in the diverse protection system (DPS), which is totally diverse from the PPS and is not affected by the CMF in the digital PPS, has been proposed to meet the acceptance criteria of the evaluation results. A variety of diverse means such as the DPS, process control systems, and operator actions including design modification have been verified to be effective in mitigating the design-basis events with CMF in the digital PPS.

Defense-in-depth and diversity evaluation to cope with design bases events concurrent with common mode failure in digital plant protection system for KNGR

An underlying assumption for N-version programming technique is that independently developed versions would fail in a statistically independent manner However empirical studies have demonstrated that common mode failures can occur even for independently developed versions, and that common mode failures degrade system reliability. In this paper, we demonstrate that the weakest precondition analysis is effective in determining input spaces leading to common mode failures. We applied the weakest precondition to the Launch Interceptor Programs which were used in several other experiments related to the N-version programming technique. We detected 13 out of 18 fault pairs which have been known to cause common mode failure. These faults were due to logical flaws in program design. Although the weakest precondition analysis may be labor-intensive since they are applied manually our results convincingly demonstrate that it is effective for identifying input spaces causing common mode failures and further improving the reliability of N-version software.

In a world of huge, interconnected networks that can be completely blacked out by disturbances, POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION offers you an improved understanding of the requirements necessary for prompt and accurate corrective action. P. M. Anderson, a noted expert on power systems, presents an analytical and technical approach to power system protection. His discussion shows how abnormal system behavior can be detected before damage occurs, and points to effective control action to limit system outages. Advance your knowledge of power system protection through a better understanding of: Protective devices and controls Protection concepts Transmission protection Apparatus protection System aspects of protective systems Reliability analysis of protective systems POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION is expressly written for practicing engineers and advanced graduate-level student engineers who need a comprehensive resource on the principles of power sys em behavior. This essential reference work provides new and advanced concepts for understanding system performance. An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley Marketing department.

Изложены вопросы организации и производства работ при выполнении работ в действующих устройствах РЗА, в цепях вторичной коммутации на основе действующих документов Министерства топлива и энергетики РФ, стандартов и распорядительных документов ПАО «Россети». Даны требования к персоналу, занимающемуся эксплуатацией устройств РЗА, большое внимание уделено проверке устройств первичным током и напряжением, снятию векторных диаграмм, объёмам испытаний при различных видах технического обслуживания устройств РЗА (УРЗА), технологическим нарушениям, связанным с отказом или неправильной работой УРЗА. Брошюра предназначена для руководителей и специалистов служб предприятий энергетических систем, электрических и распределительных сетей и электрических станций, филиалов ПАО «Россети», ПАО «ФСК ЕЭС», слушателей курсов повышения квалификации, студентов магистратуры электроэнергетических специальностей, обучающихся по направлению «Электроэнергетика и электротехника» и магистрантов направления «Электроэнергетика и электротехника» профиля «Релейная защита и автоматизация энергосистем» при изучении профессиональной дисциплины «Наладка и эксплуатация релейной защиты и автоматики», в соответствии с утвержденной рабочей программой дисциплины.

Postgraduate studies in electrical engineering have been an integral part of specialized training in several areas, such as power system analysis, reliability evaluation, power system control, system protection, material science, analog and digital electronics, signal processing and communications. Most universities provide courses and training in all or some of these disciplines. The University of Saskatchewan has had an active graduate program in electrical engineering since the late 1950s. Training in power system protection is as important, if not more, for engineers working in electric power utility and industrial sectors. It is interesting to note that, in North America, only a few universities offer courses in power system protection at the graduate and/or postgraduate levels. One of the universities that have offered courses for training in the area of power system protection for over thirty years is the University of Saskatchewan. This paper briefly describes the power system protection program offered at the University of Saskatchewan and outlines the facility that is used to provide hands-on experience in designing relays and applying them in utility and industrial environments. A brief account of the development of the courses in the program and the laboratory facilities is also provided.

The electrical substation-grid testbed was created to integrate the GOOSE and/or DNP (Distributed Network Protocol) messages with time synchronized sources and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). The objective was to study the impact of faults and cyber-events at an electrical substation with inside (protective relays) and outside (power meters) substation devices. The electrical substation-grid testbed was based on the design of a 34.5/ 12.47 kV electrical substation (sectionalized bus configuration) with two power transformers, connected to radial power lines and load feeders. The electrical substation-grid testbed was installed at 252 lab space (Advanced Power System Protection), Grid Research Integration and Deployment Center (GRID-C), Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This testbed was created for Task 5, DarkNet project.The electrical substation-grid testbed was created to simulate fault and/or cyber events that could potentially result in damage to the electrical infrastructure. In addition, tests were run that are usually not allowed to be performed in an operational electrical power grid, because these test scenarios could trip breakers and/or generate fault situations that could potentially damage equipment. The number of tests performed in the electrical substation-grid testbed were executed in a better way than in a real electrical substation and/or power grid, because multiple tests could be run in a short period of time, and complex permits, and safety/ schedule restrictions like in a real electrical substation environment were not needed.The electrical substation-grid testbed was created using real measurement, communication, and protection devices that are used by electrical utilities, to have same conditions that we could observe in a real power grid or electrical substation. The electrical substation-grid testbed was based on using a real time simulator and expansion box with amplifiers that were wired to electrical substation-grid devices. This hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) was provided by protective relays, power meters, ethernet switches, remote terminal units, synchronized timing network clock, DLT devices, workstations, and servers.This report includes the design, installation, and assessment of the electrical substation-grid testbed that was similar to an operational electrical substation, integrating the power system protection, communication, and control systems. The results for the electrical substation-grid testbed were based on:• verifying the analog signals for protective relays and power meters, • observing the synchronized time source frame at devices, • authenticating the GOOSE (IEC 61850) and DNP messages from power meters and protective relays, and • verifying the trip conditions of protective relays at fault tests with the power system fault event detection, using DLT devices.For future work, the electrical substation-grid testbed with protective relays and power meters, using DLT and synchronized time source from DarkNet, will be used to study the impact of cyber-events at inside and outside substation devices. Advanced algorithms for detecting cyber-events produced by non-desired protective relay settings will be studied, to improve the detection and reliability of protection, control, and communication systems at power grids.

Protective devices such as circuit breakers play a critical role in electric power distribution systems in more electric aircraft (MEA). Due to the extreme safety requirements, fast response and arc-less operation is critical for protection and fault isolation of the electric power system of the aircraft and therefore solid-state power controller (SSPC) technology is gaining interest in this application domain. However, there are multiple technological challenges to develop this technology for wider range of power system requirements. Losses associated with current conduction in SSPC reduce system efficiency and demand an innovative thermal management for applicability in weight sensitive aerospace applications. Weight reduction is another important goal as the aerospace application demands light weight components. Hence, identifying an appropriate semiconductor technology is critical for SSPC application. The work in this paper discuss the selection process of the power semiconductor devices for SSPC.

The physical environment in which a component resides can have a significant effect on the resulting reliability of the system. This is particularly true in electric power systems containing overhead transmission lines. Extreme weather conditions can create significant increases in transmission element stress levels leading to sharp increases in the component failure rates. The phenomenon of increased transmission line failures during bad weather is generally referred to as ‘failure bunching’. This condition should not be misconstrued as a common mode failure. This is an entirely different phenomenon and one that is important for multi-circuit transmission lines on single tower structures. This paper illustrates the inclusion of weather conditions in the reliability analysis of parallel redundant systems. A series of weather models are presented with application to electric transmission lines. The reliability effects of incorporating common mode failures in multi-circuit tower structures and independent events incorporating normal, adverse, and major adverse weather considerations in separated parallel line configurations are illustrated and examined. The applications described in this paper are to electric power transmission lines. The concepts of stress related failure bunching and common mode failures are, however, applicable to a wide range of engineering systems.

As an integrated control system of the whole boiler-turbine and its electrical system, the Distributed Control System (DCS) has been widely used in thermal power plants. However, due to the large amount of microprocessor-based protection and monitoring devices in the auxiliary power system, some operation information in the devices can not be detected by the DCS. The devices provides a large number of the protection action Sequence of Events(SOE), measurement, alarm, fault wave record function and so on. To handle the problem, the Electrical Control and Management System(ECMS) which integrates all the electrical devices is widely used in China. The system can achieve the functions such as SOE information collection, measurement, power supply unit control, fault wave recording, auxiliary power consumption rate analysis, energy management, etc., bringing conveniences for the operation and maintenance of power plants. The paper introduces the scheme of ECMS based on IEC61850 for thermal power plants in details, including the ECMS that includes only auxiliary power system of power plant and the integrated ECMS includes the entire electrical system of power plant. For the step-up substation of power plant, primary equipment is placed far away from protection and control devices and bay control units. Using electronic CTs/VTs and intelligent control units can save the amount of cables on site, reduce substation occupied area and solve the insulation, saturation and resonance problems caused by conventional transformers. For the auxiliary power system of plants, protection, control and monitoring devices are installed in the switchgear cabinet that are close to primary equipment. Compared with electronic CTs/VTs, conventional CTs/VTs have more competitive price. Therefore the auxiliary power system inside plants adopts analog sampling method. Protection relay, control and monitoring devices are communicated via GOOSE network to achieve protection functions that can not be implemented by normal auxiliary power relay devices, such as busbar protection, breaker failure protection, high speed transfer and interlocking functions. The interlocking functions realized by motor protection devices through GOOSE network can be standby or backup of Distributed Control System (DCS). So far, the ECMS schemes discussed in the paper have been applied to many large capacity generators and put into service successfully, including the digital ECMS based on IEC61850 for 1000MW generator units in thermal power plants, the integrated ECMS for 1000MW generator units, and motor interlocking functions based on GOOSE network for a 600MW power plant. With the promotion of the IEC61850 technology in thermal power plants, some new protection and control methods will be necessarily applied, and with the IEC61850 modeling of thermal equipment in the future, IEC61850 technology will get more applications in power plants.

Some design concepts for microprocessor applications to the control and protection of electric power systems are presented. A formal design methodology is outlined. Present microprocessor applications to the control and protection of the electric power generation, transmission and distribution systems are summarized. These applications are generalized to provide a basis for identifying a set of "standardized application modules." A projection is made of probable future developments in microprocessor applications to the electric power industry. A probable development is believed to be the use of hierarchically structured networks of microprocessors to provide, through distributed processing, more cost-effective and reliable control and protection than is possible through centralized processing.